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HomeMy WebLinkAboutBakersfield BTP Ch 8 FundingFunding Sources Alta Planning + Design | 8-1 8. Funding Sources Federal, State and local government agencies invest billions of dollars every year in the nation’s transportation system. Only a fraction of that funding is used in development projects, policy development and planning to improve conditions for cyclists. Even though appropriate funds are limited, they are available, but desirable projects sometimes go unfunded because communities may be unaware of a fund’s existence, or may apply for the wrong type of grants. The competition between municipalities for the available bikeway funding is often fierce. Whenever Federal funds are used for bicycle projects, a certain level of State and/or local matching funding is generally required. State funds are often available to local governments on similar terms. Almost every implemented bicycle program and facility in the United States has had more than one funding source, and it often takes a good deal of coordination to pull the various sources together. According to the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) publication, An Analysis of Current Funding Mechanisms for Bicycle and Pedestrian Programs at the Federal, State and Local Levels, where successful local bike facility programs exist, there is usually a full time bicycle coordinator with extensive understanding of funding sources. Cities such as Seattle, Washington, Portland, Oregon and Tucson, Arizona, are prime examples. Bicycle coordinators are often in a position to develop a competitive project and detailed proposal that can be used to improve conditions for cyclists within their jurisdictions. To support agency efforts to find outside funding sources to implement improvements along the proposed corridors, a summary by source type is provided below. 8.1. Federal Sources 8.1.1 Moving Ahead for Progress in the Twenty-First Century (MAP-21) The largest source of federal funding for bicyclists and pedestrians is the US DOT’s Federal-Aid Highway Program, which Congress has reauthorized roughly every six years since the passage of the Federal-Aid Road Act of 1916. The latest act, Moving Ahead for Progress in the Twenty-First Century (MAP-21) was enacted in July 2012 as Public Law 112-141. The Act replaces the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act – a Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), which was valid from August 2005 - June 2012. SAFETEA- LU contained dedicated programs including Transportation Enhancements, Safe Routes to School, and Recreational Trails, all commonly tapped sources of funding to make non-motorized improvements nationwide. MAP-21 combines these programs into a single source called ‘Transportation Alternatives’ programs (TAP). More information on TAP, including eligible activities, can be found below and at: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/guidance/guidetap.cfm MAP-21 authorizes funding for federal surface transportation programs including highways and transit for the 27 month period between July 2012 and September 2014. It is not possible to guarantee the continued availability of any listed MAP-21 programs, or to predict their future funding levels or policy guidance. Nevertheless, many of these programs have been included in some form since the passage of the Intermodal City of Bakersfield | Bicycle Transportation Plan 8-2 | Alta Planning + Design Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) in 1991, and thus may continue to provide capital for active transportation projects and programs. In California, federal monies are administered through the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) such as the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). Most, but not all, of these programs are oriented toward transportation versus recreation, with an emphasis on reducing auto trips and providing inter-modal connections. Federal funding is intended for capital improvements and safety and education programs, and projects must relate to the surface transportation system. There are a number of programs identified within MAP-21 that are applicable to bicycle and pedestrian projects. These programs are discussed below. More information: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/summaryinfo.cfm Transportation Alternatives Transportation Alternatives (TA) is a new funding source under MAP-21 that consolidates three formerly separate programs under SAFETEA-LU: Transportation Enhancements (TE), Safe Routes to School (SR2S), and the Recreational Trails Program (RTP). These funds may be used for a variety of pedestrian, bicycle, and streetscape projects including sidewalks, bikeways, multi-use paths, and rail-trails. TA funds may also be used for selected education and encouragement programming such as Safe Routes to School, despite the fact that TA does not provide a guaranteed set-aside for this activity as SAFETEA-LU did. MAP-21 provides $85 million nationally for the RTP. Complete eligibilities for TA include: 1. Transportation Alternatives as defined by Section 1103 (a)(29). This category includes the construction, planning, and design of a range of bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure including “on– road and off–road trail facilities for pedestrians, bicyclists, and other active forms of transportation, including sidewalks, bicycle infrastructure, pedestrian and bicycle signals, traffic calming techniques, lighting and other safety–related infrastructure, and transportation projects to achieve compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.” Infrastructure projects and systems that provide “Safe Routes for Non-Drivers” is a new eligible activity. For the complete list of eligible activities, visit: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/transportation_enhancements/legislation/map21.cfm 2. Recreational Trails. TA funds may be used to develop and maintain recreational trails and trail- related facilities for both active and motorized recreational trail uses. Examples of trail uses include hiking, bicycling, in-line skating, equestrian use, and other active and motorized uses. These funds are available for both paved and unpaved trails, but may not be used to improve roads for general passenger vehicle use or to provide shoulders or sidewalks along roads. Recreational Trails Program funds may be used for:  Maintenance and restoration of existing trails  Purchase and lease of trail construction and maintenance equipment Funding Sources Alta Planning + Design | 8-3  Construction of new trails, including unpaved trails  Acquisition or easements of property for trails  State administrative costs related to this program (limited to seven percent of a state’s funds)  Operation of educational programs to promote safety and environmental protection related to trails (limited to five percent of a state’s funds) Under MAP-21, dedicated funding for the RTP continues at FY 2009 levels – roughly $85 million annually. California will receive $5,756,189 in RTP funds per year through FY2014 (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/recreational_trails/funding/apportionments_obligations/recfunds_2009.cfm). 3. Safe Routes to School. There are two separate Safe Routes to School Programs administered by Caltrans. There is the Federal program referred to as SRTS, and the state-legislated program referred to as SR2S. Both programs are intended to achieve the same basic goal of increasing the number of children walking and bicycling to school by making it safer for them to do so. All projects must be within two miles of primary or middle schools (K-8). The Safe Routes to School Program funds non-motorized facilities in conjunction with improving access to schools through the Caltrans Safe Routes to School Coordinator. For more information visit: http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/LocalPrograms/saferoutes/saferoutes.htm Eligible projects may include:  Engineering improvements. These physical improvements are designed to reduce potential bicycle and pedestrian conflicts with motor vehicles. Physical improvements may also reduce motor vehicle traffic volumes around schools, establish safer and more accessible crossings, or construct walkways, trails or bikeways. Eligible improvements include sidewalk improvements, traffic calming/speed reduction, pedestrian and bicycle crossing improvements, on-street bicycle facilities, off-street bicycle and pedestrian facilities, and secure bicycle parking facilities.  Education and Encouragement Efforts. These programs are designed to teach children safe bicycling and walking skills while educating them about the health benefits, and environmental impacts. Projects and programs may include creation, distribution and implementation of educational materials; safety based field trips; interactive bicycle/pedestrian safety video games; and promotional events and activities (e.g., assemblies, bicycle rodeos, walking school buses).  Enforcement Efforts. These programs aim to ensure that traffic laws near schools are obeyed. Law enforcement activities apply to cyclists, pedestrians and motor vehicles alike. Projects may include development of a crossing guard program, enforcement equipment, photo enforcement, and pedestrian sting operations. 4. Planning, designing, or constructing roadways within the right-of-way of former Interstate routes or divided highways. At the time of writing, detailed guidance from the Federal Highway Administration on this new eligible activity was not available. City of Bakersfield | Bicycle Transportation Plan 8-4 | Alta Planning + Design Average annual funds available through TA over the life of MAP-21 equal $814 million nationally, which is based on a 2% set-aside of total MAP-21 authorizations. Projected MAP-21 apportionments for California total $3,546,492,430 for FY 2013 and $3,576,886,247 for FY 2014 (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/MAP21/funding.cfm). The 2% set-aside for TA funds in California will be about $71,000,000 for the next two fiscal cycles. State DOTs may elect to transfer up to 50% of TA funds to other highway programs, so the amount listed above represents the maximum potential funding. TA funds are typically allocated through MPOs and require a 20 percent local match. Surface Transportation Program (STP) The Surface Transportation Program (STP) provides states with flexible funds which may be used for a variety of highway, road, bridge, and transit projects. A wide variety of bicycle and pedestrian improvements are eligible, including on-street bicycle facilities, off-street trails, sidewalks, crosswalks, bicycle and pedestrian signals, parking, and other ancillary facilities. Modification of sidewalks to comply with the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is also an eligible activity. Unlike most highway projects, STP-funded bicycle and pedestrian facilities may be located on local and collector roads which are not part of the Federal-aid Highway System. Fifty percent of each state’s STP funds are sub-allocated geographically by population. These funds are funneled through Caltrans to the MPOs in the state. The remaining 50% may be spent in any area of the state. Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) MAP-21 doubles the amount of funding available through the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) relative to SAFETEA-LU. HSIP provides $2.4 billion nationally for projects and programs that help communities achieve significant reductions in traffic fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads, bikeways, and walkways. MAP-21 preserves the Railway-Highway Crossings Program within HSIP but discontinues the High-Risk Rural roads set-aside unless safety statistics demonstrate that fatalities are increasing on these roads HSIP is a data-driven funding program and eligible projects must be identified through analysis of crash experience, crash potential, crash rate, or other similar metrics. . Infrastructure and non-infrastructure projects are eligible for HSIP funds. Bicycle and pedestrian safety improvements, enforcement activities, traffic calming projects, and crossing treatments for active transportation users in school zones are examples of eligible projects. All HSIP projects must be consistent with the state’s Strategic Highway Safety Plan. Last updated in 2006, the California SHSP is located here: http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/survey/SHSP/SHSP_Final_Draft_Print_Version.pdf Pilot Transit-Oriented Development Planning MAP-21 establishes a new pilot program to promote planning for Transit-Oriented Development. At the time of writing the details of this program are not fully clear, although the bill text states that the Secretary of Transportation may make grants available for the planning of projects that seek to “facilitate multimodal connectivity and accessibility,” and “increase access to transit hubs for pedestrian and bicycle traffic.” Funding Sources Alta Planning + Design | 8-5 8.1.2 Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program (CMAQ) The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program (CMAQ) provides funding for projects and programs in air quality nonattainment and maintenance areas for ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter which reduce transportation related emissions. These federal dollars can be used to build bicycle and pedestrian facilities that reduce travel by automobile. Purely recreational facilities generally are not eligible. To be funded under this program, projects and programs must come from a transportation plan (or State (STIP) or Regional (RTIP) Transportation Improvement Program) that conforms to the State Implementation Plan and must be consistent with the conformity provisions of Section 176 of the Clean Air Act. CMAQ funding is administered through Kern Council of Governments on the local level. Within Kern County, these funds are eligible for transportation projects that contribute to the attainment or maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards in non-attainment or air-quality maintenance areas. Examples of eligible projects include enhancements to existing transit services, rideshare and vanpool programs, projects that encourage bicycle and pedestrian transportation options, traffic light synchronization projects that improve air quality, grade separation projects, and construction of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes. 8.1.3 Partnership for Sustainable Communities Founded in 2009, the Partnership for Sustainable Communities is a joint project of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). The partnership aims to “improve access to affordable housing, more transportation options, and lower transportation costs while protecting the environment in communities nationwide.” The Partnership is based on five Livability Principles, one of which explicitly addresses the need for bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure (“Provide more transportation choices: Develop safe, reliable, and economical transportation choices to decrease household transportation costs, reduce our nation’s dependence on foreign oil, improve air quality, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote public health”). The Partnership is not a formal agency with a regular annual grant program. Nevertheless, it is an important effort that has already led to some new grant opportunities (including the TIGER grants). The City of Bakersfield should track Partnership communications and be prepared to respond proactively to announcements of new grant programs. More information: http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/partnership/ 8.1.4 Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program (RTCA) The Rivers, Trails and Conservation Assistance Program is the community assistance arm of the National Park Service. RTCA provides technical assistance to communities in order to preserve open space and develop trails. The assistance that RTCA provides is not for infrastructure, but rather building plans, engaging public participation and identifying other sources of funding for conversation and outdoor recreation projects. More information: http://www.nps.gov/pwro/rtca/who-we-are.htm City of Bakersfield | Bicycle Transportation Plan 8-6 | Alta Planning + Design 8.1.5 Community Development Block Grants The Community Development Block Grants (CDBG) program provides money for streetscape revitalization, which may be largely comprised of pedestrian improvements. Federal CDBG grantees may “use Community Development Block Grants funds for activities that include (but are not limited to): acquiring real property; reconstructing or rehabilitating housing and other property; building public facilities and improvements, such as streets, sidewalks, community and senior citizen centers and recreational facilities; paying for planning and administrative expenses, such as costs related to developing a consolidated plan and managing Community Development Block Grants funds; provide public services for youths, seniors, or the disabled; and initiatives such as neighborhood watch programs.” Trails and greenway projects that enhance accessibility are the best fit for this funding source. CDBG funds could also be used to write ADA Transition Plans. More information: www.hud.gov/cdbg 8.1.6 Community Transformation Grants Community Transformation Grants administered through the Center for Disease Control support community–level efforts to reduce chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes. Active transportation infrastructure and programs that promote healthy lifestyles are a good fit for this program, particularly if the benefits of such improvements accrue to population groups experiencing the greatest burden of chronic disease. More info: http://www.cdc.gov/communitytransformation/ 8.1.7 Other Federal Bicycle Infrastructure Funding Options As part of the federal Recovery Act of 2009, States will be receiving $53.6 billion in state fiscal stabilization funding. States must use 18.2 percent of their funding – or $9.7 billion – for public safety and government services. An eligible activity under this section is to provide funding to K-12 schools and institutions of higher education to make repairs, modernize and make renovations to meet green building standards. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System, developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), addresses green standards for schools that include bicycle and pedestrian facilities and access to schools. Another $5 billion is provided for the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant Program. This provides formula funding to cities, counties and states to undertake a range of energy efficiency activities. One eligible use of funding is for bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure. More info: http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/leg/recovery/factsheet/stabilization-fund.html http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wip/eecbg.html Funding Sources Alta Planning + Design | 8-7 8.2. State Sources 8.2.1 Streets and Highways Code – Bicycle Transportation Account (BTA) The Bicycle Transportation Account (BTA) funds non-motorized facilities and access to cities and counties that have adopted bikeway master plans. Section 2106 (b) of the Streets and Highways Code transfers funds annually to the BTA from the revenue derived from the excise tax on motor vehicle fuel; this appropriation for bicycle facilities is anticipated to be $7.2 million annually. The Caltrans Office of Bicycle Facilities administers the BTA. For a project to be funded from the BTA, the project shall: 1. Be approximately parallel to a State, county, or city roadways, where the separation of bicycle traffic from motor vehicle traffic will increase the traffic capacity of the roadway; and 2. Serve the functional needs of commuting cyclists; and 3. Include but not be limited to:  New bikeways serving major transportation corridors  New bikeways removing travel barriers to potential bicycle commuters  Secure bicycle parking at employment centers, park and ride lots and transit terminals  Bicycle carrying facilities on public transit vehicles  Installation of traffic control devices to improve the safety and efficiency of bicycle travel  Elimination of hazardous conditions on existing bikeways serving a utility purpose  Project planning  Preliminary and construction engineering Maintenance is specifically excluded from funding and allocation takes into consideration the relative cost effectiveness of the proposed project. More info: http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/LocalPrograms/bta/btawebPage.htm 8.2.2 State Highway Account Section 157.4 of the Streets and Highways Code requires Caltrans to set aside $360,000 for the construction of non-motorized facilities that will be used in conjunction with the State highway system. The Office of Bicycle Facilities also administers the State Highway Account fund. Funding is divided into different project categories. Minor B projects (less than $42,000) are funded by a lump sum allocation by the CTC and are used at the discretion of each Caltrans District office. Minor A projects (estimated to cost between $42,000 and $300,000) must be approved by the CTC. Major projects (more than $300,000) must be included in the State Transportation Improvement Program and approved by the CTC. Funded projects have included fencing and bicycle warning signs related to rail corridors. 8.2.3 Climate Ready Grant Program - California State Coastal Conservancy Climate Ready grants are intended to encourage local governments and non-governmental organizations to advance planning and implementation of on-the-ground actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lessen the impacts of climate change on California’s coastal communities. The grant program makes eligible “development of multi-use trails with clearly identified GHG reduction goals; (and) protecting and managing open space lands with clearly identified GHG reduction goals.” A total of $1,500,000 is available on a City of Bakersfield | Bicycle Transportation Plan 8-8 | Alta Planning + Design competitive basis, with a minimum award of $50,000 and a maximum of $200,000. The size of awarded grants will be based on each project’s needs, its overall benefits, and the extent of competing demands for funds. 8.2.4 Office of Traffic Safety (OTS) Grants Office of Traffic Safety Grants are supported by Federal funding under the National Highway Safety Act and SAFETEA-LU. In California, the grants are administered by the Office of Traffic Safety. Grants are used to establish new traffic safety programs, expand ongoing programs or address deficiencies in current programs. Bicycle safety is included in the list of traffic safety priority areas. Eligible grantees are governmental agencies, state colleges, state universities, local city and county government agencies, school districts, fire departments, and public emergency services providers. Grant funding cannot replace existing program expenditures, nor can traffic safety funds be used for program maintenance, research, rehabilitation, or construction. Grants are awarded on a competitive basis, and priority is given to agencies with the greatest need. Evaluation criteria to assess need include potential traffic safety impact, collision statistics and rankings, seriousness of problems, and performance on previous OTS grants. The California application deadline is January of each year. There is no maximum cap to the amount requested, but all items in the proposal must be justified to meet the objectives of the proposal. More information can be found here: http://www.ots.ca.gov/Grants/Apply/default.asp 8.3. Regional & Local Sources 8.3.1 Developer Impact Fees As a condition for development approval, municipalities can require developers to provide certain infrastructure improvements, which can include bikeway projects. These projects have commonly provided Class II facilities for portions of on-street, previously planned routes. They can also be used to provide bicycle parking or shower and locker facilities. The type of facility that should be required to be built by developers should reflect the greatest need for the particular project and its local area. Legal challenges to these types of fees have resulted in the requirement to illustrate a clear nexus between the particular project and the mandated improvement and cost. 8.3.2 New Construction Future road widening and construction projects are one means of providing on street bicycle facilities. To ensure that roadway construction projects provide bike lanes where needed, it is important that the review process includes input pertaining to consistency with the proposed system. In addition, California’s 2008 Complete Streets Act and Caltrans’s Deputy Directive 64 require that the needs of all roadway users be considered during “all phases of state highway projects, from planning to construction to maintenance and repair.” More info: http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/offices/ocp/complete_streets.html Funding Sources Alta Planning + Design | 8-9 8.3.3 Restoration Cable TV and telephone companies sometimes need new cable routes within public rights of way. Recently, this has most commonly occurred during expansion of fiber optic networks. Since these projects require a significant amount of advance planning and disruption of curb lanes, it may be possible to request reimbursement for affected bicycle facilities to mitigate construction impacts. In cases where cable routes cross undeveloped areas, it may be possible to provide for new bikeway facilities following completion of the cable trenching, such as sharing the use of maintenance roads. 8.4. Private Sources Private funding sources can be acquired by applying through the advocacy groups such as the League of American Bicyclists and the Bikes Belong Coalition. Most of the private funding comes from foundations wanting to enhance and improve bicycle facilities and advocacy. Grant applications will typically be through the advocacy groups as they leverage funding from federal, state and private sources. Below are several examples of private funding opportunities available. 8.4.1 Bikes Belong Grant Program The Bikes Belong Coalition of bicycle suppliers and retailers has awarded $1.2 million and leveraged an additional $470 million since its inception in 1999. The program funds corridor improvements, mountain bike trails, BMX parks, trails, and park access. It is funded by the Bikes Belong Employee Pro Purchase Program. More information: http://www.bikesbelong.org/grants/ 8.4.2 Bank of America Charitable Foundation, Inc. The Bank of America Charitable Foundation is one of the largest in the nation. The primary grants program is called Neighborhood Excellence, which seeks to identify critical issues in local communities. Another program that applies to greenways is the Community Development Programs, and specifically the Program Related Investments. This program targets low and moderate income communities and serves to encourage entrepreneurial business development. More information: http://www.bankofamerica.com/foundation 8.4.3 The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation was established as a national philanthropy in 1972 and today it is the largest U.S. foundation devoted to improving the health and health care of all Americans. Grant making is concentrated in four areas:  To assure that all Americans have access to basic health care at a reasonable cost  To improve care and support for people with chronic health conditions  To promote healthy communities and lifestyles  To reduce the personal, social and economic harm caused by substance abuse: tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs City of Bakersfield | Bicycle Transportation Plan 8-10 | Alta Planning + Design More information: http://www.rwjf.org/applications/ 8.4.4 The Wal-Mart Foundation The Wal-Mart Foundation offers a Local, State, and National Giving Program. The Local Giving Program awards grants of $250 to $5,000 through local Wal-Mart and Sam’s Club Stores. Application opportunities are announced annually in February with a final deadline for applications in December. The State Giving Program provides grants of $25,000 to $250,000 to 501c3 nonprofits working within one of five focus areas: Hunger Relief & Nutrition, Education, Environmental Sustainability, Women’s Economic Empowerment, or Workforce Development. The program has two application cycles per year: January through March and June through August. The Wal-Mart Foundation’s National Giving Program awards grants of $250,000 and more, but does not accept unsolicited applications. More information: http://foundation.walmart.com/apply-for-grants 8.4.5 The Kodak American Greenways Program The Conservation Fund’s American Greenways Program has teamed with the Eastman Kodak Corporation and the National Geographic Society to award small grants ($250 to $2,000) to stimulate the planning, design and development of greenways. These grants can be used for activities such as mapping, conducting ecological assessments, surveying land, holding conferences, developing brochures, producing interpretive displays, incorporating land trusts, and building trails. Grants cannot be used for academic research, institutional support, lobbying or political activities. More information: http://www.conservationfund.org 8.4.6 Community Action for a Renewed Environment (CARE) CARE is a competitive grant program that offers an innovative way for a community to organize and take action to re-duce toxic pollution in its local environment. Through CARE, a community creates a partnership that implements solutions to reduce releases of toxic pollutants and minimize people’s exposure to them. By providing financial and technical assistance, EPA helps CARE communities get on the path to a renewed environment. Transportation and “smart-growth” types of projects are eligible. Grants range between $90,000 and $275,000. More information: http://www.epa.gov/care/ 8.4.7 Corporate Donations Corporate donations are often received in the form of liquid investments (i.e. cash, stock, bonds) and in the form of land. Employers recognize that creating places to bike and walk is one way to build community and attract a quality work force. Bicycling and outdoor recreation businesses often support local projects and programs. Municipalities typically create funds to facilitate and simplify a transaction from a corporation’s donation to the given municipality. Donations are mainly received when a widely supported capital improvement program is implemented. Such donations can improve capital budgets and/or projects. Funding Sources Alta Planning + Design | 8-11 8.5. Other Sources Local sales taxes, fees and permits may be implemented as new funding sources for bicycle projects. However, any of these potential sources would require a local election. Volunteer programs may be developed to substantially reduce the cost of implementing some routes, particularly multi use paths. For example, a local college design class may use such a multi-use route as a student project, working with a local landscape architectural or engineering firm. Work parties could be formed to help clear the right of way for the route. A local construction company may donate or discount services beyond what the volunteers can do. A challenge grant program with local businesses may be a good source of local funding, in which the businesses can “adopt” a route or segment of one to help construct and maintain it. City of Bakersfield | Bicycle Transportation Plan 8-12 | Alta Planning + Design This page intentionally left blank.