The URL can be used to link to this page

Home My WebLink About01/07/94 ------- - --- .--_u_- 'I - - ~ ,,' 4 . - B A K E R 5 F I E L D MEMORANDUM ~JanUarY 7, 1994 TO: HONORABLE ~YOR AND CITY COUNCIL ~ FROM: ALAN TANDY, CITY MANAGER SUBJECT: GENERAL INFORMATION 1. We received, this week, the signed DDA. The signed version is, of course, based on one of the two changes on indemnification, or exempting ourselves from prevailing wage. Also, the signed Personal Guaranty and the letter from the Hammons firm certifying that they will do the taxable bonds on the Hotel arrived here, as well. As soon as we reso 1 ve the one issue on Wednesday ni ght' s Agenda, we wi 11 have passed all of the significant hurdles on the Hotel project. In case you are nervous about the indemnification, it may interest you to know that both our Bond and Disclosure Counsels agree with our legal staff - that it is not prevailing wage. 2. Good News! Our HOME Grant monies have increased from $534,000 last year to $891,000 next year. 3. Our Building Inspectors received a nice compliment from Home Base. A copy of the letter is enclosed. 4. Enclosed, from the Planning Department, is a report on the upcoming March General Plan Amendments. 5. A communication is enclosed regarding follow-up to a Council Referral to try to get a local Highway project on the Federal ISTEA list. 6. Some of you got letters from Granite Construction concerning settlement of a legal problem. We have met with them and have come to agreement on at least a first step. That step will give us enough time to more thoroughly I research the issues. A letter sent to Granite from our Attorney's Office is enclosed. 'I 7. There is a memo enclosed from Economic Development showing some good news, in the form of an expansion of the Hillman Fasteners operation, and some bad news, in that Bio International Corporation wi 11 be leaving the Incentive Area for a new site outside of Bakersfield. 8. Enclosed is a response to a Council Referral regarding pine trees in the northeast area. ---- --- '" /-.. HONORABLE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL January 7, 1994 Page -2- 9. For your information, property owners downtown have been inquiring about an assessment district for parking. On January 19th, the Economic/Community Development Department will have a briefing meeting on how it might work. The area involved, being invited, is 17th - 21st Streets, east of Chester Avenue to "M" Street. If you wish to attend, Jake Wager has the time and place. AT.alb Enclosures cc: Department Heads City Clerk .;,- ¡-- ~ ~ <0. K '" ~~: "j :Þ .~'- " :Þ - ¡, ",' :-:: WAREHOUSE ~ December 15. 1993 Mr. Jack Highfill Building Department City of Bakersfield 1701 Chester Avenue Bakersfield CA 93301 RE: HomeBase #90. Bakersfield Dcar Jack; At the kick-off meeting held in your offices prior to beginning construction of the HomeBase warehouse in Bakersfield, Dennis Fiddler made some bold and flattering comments. He spoke of the cooperation and timely helpfulness we could expect from the field inspectors. Many of us who were present at that meeting have considerable building experience in California. In all honesty, when Dennis spoke of the quick response we would receive to inspection needs, our feeling was "seeing is believing". Well. when we began construction we became believers. Everything Dennis had said was true. There is one individual in your department whose performance of duties, professionalism, helpfulness and attitude I rate "off the scale". Frank Sousa represented the City of Bakersfield in a most exemplary manner. You are fortunate to have Frank on your team. He sends the right massage on behalf of you and your City. Thanks to you and your staff for your efforts. Best wishes for the holidays and a successful 1994. Sincerely, !::r ~ - Construction Manager Support Center Offices - 3345 Michelson Drive. Irvine. California 92715 (714) 442-5000 --- J.- 1 .¡¡... c-. I <'- I (:- >-: ...-.; .~. . I or: . I '. ~ M E M 0 RAN: D Ú M December 28, 1993 TO: ALAN TANDY. CITY MANAGER ~ FROM: JACK HARDISTY, PLANNING DIRECT R SUBJECT: STATUS OF GENERAL PLAN REQU These cases have been accepted by staff for processing. All will most likely to heard at the Planning Commission meeting of March 17, 1994 (unless an Environmental Impact Report is required). 1. Southeast corner of Brimhall Road and Calloway Drive, Castle & Cooke Homes, Inc., applicant, proposed residential subdivisions. The movement of Calloway Drive to the west has "detached" this commercial corner (Zoned C-l and C-2) from the intersection, the owner now wants to downzone the property to residential (R-l). 2. Southeast corner of Freeway 58 and Mt. Vernon Avenue, City of Bakersfield, applicant, proposed is a GPA and zone change to M-2 zoning and a Service Industrial designation. The property (owned by the City of Bakersfield) is developed with the Kern County Animal Shelter and a radio tower which will continue until the City or a private :' developer can provide an acceptable industrial project for the site. II 3. One mile southeast of the intersection of Fairfax Road and Alfred E. Harrell Highway, Bear Mountain Limited is the applicant. Proposed is a natural gas-fired cogeneration plant adjacent to the abandoned solid waste dump, steam to be used in enhanced oil recovery operations. 4. Change in text (Chapter X) for the Metropolitan Bakersfield 2010 General Plan, City of Bakersfield is the applicant. This change is to reflect a clarification in the siting of recycling centers within the urban area. 5. Southeast corner of Mountain Vista Drive and White Lane, Cuesta Engineering applicant. The proposal includes 326:!:: dwelling units (apartments) on 18 acres. The property is adjacent to single family residential developments and should prove to be controversial. II " 6. Northeast Bakersfield Metropolitan Area, Porter-Robertson applicant. Large redistribution of residential units tied directly to the northeast sewer assessment district. Overall project will reduce the potential number of housing units for the area. Ii MG:pjt 1\mat12.27 -~ - ~ . - ß A K E R 5 F I E L 0 NOTICE OF CANCELLATION REGULAR MEETING OF THE BUDGET AND FINANCE COMMITTEE OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF BAKERSFIELD NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the regular meeting of the Budget and Finance Committee of the City Council scheduled for Mondav. Mav 9. 1994, at 12:15 p.m., in the City Manager's Conference Room, Second Floor of City Hall, 1501 Truxtun Avenue, Bakersfield, California, has been canceled. DATED: May 5, 1994 . A' . -' /!{ i/ "-/;'/-,0" //2,/ (/ . /Aiuc J Gail E. Waiters, Assistant City Manager GEW:jp ~ /lUj . ~ .«) iGcJ~~ .7-25-9"1' , "'- ~ .. ~ . -- B A K E R S F I E L D Alan Tandy. City Manager January 4, 1994 The Honorable William M. Thomas Representative in Congress, 20th District 2209 Rayburn House Office Building Washington, D.c. 20515 Dear Congressman Thomas: The City of Bakersfield wishes to take this opportunity to submit a request for a specific highway project which was not authorized under previous ISTEA legislation. Our intent is to submit this project as part of the National Highway System legislation. The project the City is submitting is a component of a Crosstown Corridor which is a multi- modal transportation program consisting of both light rail and highway projects. The objective of the project is to complete the highway portion (State Route 178) of the Crosstown Corridor by eliminating a "gap" in the federal aid system through Metropolitan and Downtown Bakersfield. For many years the Bakersfield Metropolitan area has been living with this highly inefficient and undesirable situation with respect to traffic circulation with no identifiable funding source for a project to correct this situation. We would appreciate your assistance in obtaining authorization and funding for the project through the pending legislation for the National Highway System. CITY OF BAKERSFIELD KERN COON IL OF GOVERNMENTS ¡J£Z¿ ~ A . 0 ONALD E. BRUM , Executive Director City Managh Regional Transpo tion Planning Agency City of Bakersfield. City Manager's Office. 1501 Truxtun Avenue Bakersfield. California. 93301 (805) 326-3751 . Fax (805) 324-1850 m____- : " . I I METROPOLITAN BAKERSFIELD CROSSTOWN FREEWAY CORRIDOR STATE ROUTE 178 I APPLICATION FOR FEDERAL FUNDS Introduction The City of Bakersfield, County of Kern and Kern Council of Governments, are requesting funds be authorized to support, in part, a multimodal transportation plan to maintain air quality, . quality of life and mobility needs in the metropolitan Bakersfield, Kern County, California. Consideration for funding support for the highway portion of the plan is requested. The objective of the project is to complete the highway portion of the plan by eliminating a "gap" in the federal aid system (State Route 178) through metropolitan Bakersfield. The following are responses to the eighteen project criteria for the House Public Works Committee Authorization Bill. Project Criaeria 1. Identify the State or other qUlllified recipient/or carrying out the project? The project will be constructed cooperatively by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and the City of Bakersfield. 2. Describe the design, scope and objective 0/ the project, including the phase 0/ phases proposed /or funding? The objective of the project is to complete the highway portion of the Crosstown Corridor by eliminating the "gap" in the federal aid system through downtown Metropolitan Bakersfield. The Crosstown Corridor is a multi-:mode transportation program consisting of both light rail and highway projects. The highway "gap" currently exist between State Route 99 and the Freeway portion of State Route 178. The present connection is made via narrow surface streets. The scope of this project includes final route adoption, environmental clearance and right-of-way acquisition. The final product would be an 8 lane freeway facility connecting to the existing six lane facility. The project would also include a full freeway to freeway interchange at State Route 99. The connection point at State Route 99 would coincide with State Route 58. State Route 58 is presently in the final stages of the route adoption process. 3. Is the project eligible /or the use 0/ jederal-aid funds? Yes. All of the route adoption, environmental and right-of-way acquisition are eligible. -1- '. ' I ,. I I 4. What is the total project cost and source of funds? The estimated cost of this phase of the project is $152 million. This phase includes the route adoption, environmental and right-of-way acquisition. , The estimated cost of the total project is $469 million. This figure includes all I engineering and construction costs, right-of-way, inflation, contingencies and a project I reserve. Currently, no local funding source is identified for this project. 5. Will there be privaJe sector funding for a portion of the project and, if so, how much privaJe sector financing is being made available for the project? The Metropolitan Bakersfield Area has a Developer Supported Transportation Impact Fee program in place for use in large highway projects. The transportation impact fee program has earmarked $11 million for this phase of the project. 6. WiD the completion costfor the project exceed the amount requestedfor the project? As noted in the response to question #4, the total completion cost of the project is $469 million. The first phase of the project requested for authorization is estimated at $152 million. 7.. Has early work, such as preliminary engineering and environmental analysis been done on the project? Conceptual design, engineering feasibility and environmental assessment for the project have completed. 8. What is the proposed schedule and status o/work on the project? The goal is to complete the route adoption and environmental impact reviews by 1996 and begin right-of-way acquisition in 1996-97. 9. Is the project included in the metropolitan and/or State transportation improvement plan (s), and if so, scheduled/or funding? No schedule for funding. The metropolitan planning organization (MPa) for the region has adopted the project into the long range plan. The MPa has conducted corridor studies that include the project. The project is included in the Metropolitan Bakersfield 2010 General Plan Circulation Element adopted by the City of Bakersfield and the County of Kern. -2- I I .' . 10. Is the project considered by Stale and/or regional transportation officials os critical to their needs? Yes. The Crosstown Corridor is a high priority for the Kern Council of Governments, the MPO for the region, Caltrans, the City of Bakersfield and County of Kern. The completion of this "gap" is a high priority within the corridor. I 11. Why have Stale and/or regional transportation officials not given this project suJficient priority to obtain funding through the normal IS TEA funding process? Although this project is considered critical, the costs have been prohibitive. Therefore, scarce funds have been directed to other less costly, but equally important projects. 12. Hos the proposed project encountered, or is it likely to encounter and signüïcant opposition or other obstacles based on environmental or other types of concerns? No. Based on the previous work done on this project in the corridor no significant opposition is anticipated. 13. How will the project objectives be attained? The objectives of the Crosstown Corridor are: 1) improve travel throughout the metropolitan area, 2) reduce highway traffic congestion on the surface streets, 3) improve safety, 4) mitigate environmental impacts, 5) improve the economy, 6) minimize construction impacts. 14. Describe the economic, energy efficiency, environmental, congestion mitigation and safety effects assocÛúed with completion of the project? Economic Effects: Access to downtown Bakersfield as a result of this project will substantially increase especially from the southwest and northwest portions of the metropolitan area. This will allow 1) business locations in the downtown area to become more viable, 2) travel in the metropolitan area will be greatly enhanced allowing increased commerce throughout the southern San Joaquin Valley. Energy Efficiency: Currently, traffic must utilize narrow surface streets to make the State Route 991178 connection. Reduced operational speeds and increased vehicular delays increase fuel consumption. This project will significantly reduce fuel consumption and increase energy efficiency. Environmental Effects: Increased fuel efficiency and decreased vehicular delay will reduce emission levels substantially. . Congestion Mitigation Effects: Currently, the surface street connection is highly congested. In addition, traffic signals located along the route further impact congestion levels. This project will substantially reduce these congestion levels and mitigate many traffic related problems now occurring. -3- ------ '" " I Safety Effects: Traffic Signals located along the surface street portion of the corridor experience the greatest number of correctable accidents within the metropolitan area. This project will. substantially reduce these accidents. 15. WiU the proposed project require an additional investment in other infrastructure projects. q so, how wiU these projects be funded? The Crosstown Corridor is a multi-mode transportation program consisting of both light rail and highway projects. The objective of this project is to complete the highway portion of the Crosstown Corridor by eliminating the "gap" in the federal aid system through downtown Metropolitan Bakersfield. The light rail project identified for this corridor is being submitted for authorization as a separate project. Additional infrastructure projects will be necessary in connection with this project. These generally include tie-in points to the local transportation network. Funding for these tie- in locations is expected to be funded from local sources. 16. In lieu of the proposed project, whol other transportation strategies JlaVe been considered by State and wcal transportation oJficioJs? Other strategies that have been considered by State and local transportation officials include a light rail system that connects the northeast and southwest portions of the metropolitan area through downtown Bakersfield. Both the light rail transit project and highway project are being coordinated through the regional transportation planning agency . 17. Is the authorization requested an increase to a previously authorized amount for this project, or would this be the first authorization for this project? Has this project previously received .federalfundings, commitments reganJingfuturefederalfunding (such as LOIor FuU Funding Agreement), or appropriations? This project has not received funding, authorizations or appropriations from federal funding sources nor has it received commitments regarding future federal funding. 18. q highway Trust Fund revenue are not made available /07 the project, would you support general fund revenue for it? Yes. -4- ----------------- - --- ---.------- 'J .' . . Summary There are several important reason why this project should receive consideration for funding in the House Public Works Committee Authorization Bill. These reasons include: 1) strong local community support; 2) local funding commitment; and, 3) the absence of significant negative environmental factors. The feasibility study initiated by Caltrans and the local agencies clearly indicates that there is support for the project by the public and key leaders in the community. Local governments and the state have demonstrated their commitment to the project by funding a preliminary planning and environmental analyses. Based on the preliminary analysis, it is unlikely there will be environmental factors that would kill or significantly delay the project. The support by the community and positive environmental analysis confirm that the funds requested for this authorization bill can be spent between now and the reauthorization of ISTEA. -5- l, ,'. '. '- '.. . r I ROUTE 178 IN BAKERSFELD ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY Q Q &1 34th S'r BERNARD ST. ~ Eo< fI} ROSEDALE HWY. ST1iT58 24th ST AVE. :z; ~ I ! L , ~ ,'~ I ' t(Q)~Y C it '{ ;,,1\.,.'\ ú~;:{~ ! ó J,\:'J ;-1 It ~ (..:J CITY OF BAKERSFIELD CITY ATTORNEY OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY PH. 805-326-3721 LAWRENCE M. LUNARDINI FAX 805-325-9162 1501 TRUXTUN AVENUE CHIEF ASSISTANT CITY ATTORNEY BAKERSFIELD, CA 93301 DEPUTY CITY ATTORNEYS JUDY K, SKOUSEN ALLEN M. SHAW WALTER H. PORR, JR. ASSIST ANT CITY ATTORNEYS January 6, 1994 MICHAEL G. ALLFORD ROBERT M. SHERFY ADMINISTRATOR ALAN D, DANIEL LOUISE T. CLOSS FRANCES E. THOMPSON JOHN D. CLOSS LAURA C. MARINO Mr. William L. Elkins Insurance Manager Granite Construction Company Administration Post Office Box 50085 Watsonville, CA 95077-5085 Mr. Brad Tebben Senior Claims Representative CNA Insurance Companies 1800 East Imperial Highway Post Office Box 2300 Brea, CA 92622 Re: Pratt v. City of Bakersfield Gentlemen: On January 5,1994, Mr. Dennis Wesley, Granite's local Branch Manager, met with representatives of the City Attorney's Office, Ci ty Manager, and Public Works Director. As a result of that meeting, it was decided that a meeting needs to be set up with the insur ance carrier for Gr ani te Construction concerning Gr ani te 's and the City's participation in this case. We understand from our conversations with Mr. Wesley that we will be receiving a letter from you shortly indicating that Granite Construction Company is willing to assume defense of this case in accordance with its duty to defend as outlined in its construction contract with the City of Bakersfield. The meeting is necessary to implement the agreement arrived at between Mr. Wesley and the City. We agreed that it was in the interest of both the City and Granite to complete discovery at this time. We further agreed that CNA Insurance and the City would cooperate together to do this discovery which we estimate will cost --~ --- I .~- , v. ,'" . I Mr. William L. Elkins Mr. Brad Tebben January 6, 1994 Page Two approximately $5,000 in attorney time, which work will be shared equally between CNA in-house counsel and the City Attorney's Office. After we have completed discovery, we will re-assess the case and determine where to go from that point. Both parties have entered into this agreement reserving all rights and claims against the other, but in a spirit of cooperation to defend this meritless litigation. In the event you determine to retain local counsel rather than handling this matter in house, the City Attorney's Office would like to offer suggestions with regard to which local counsel would best represent you in this matter. Please contact Mr. Wesley and Mr. Shèrfyof this office in order to arrange a meeting as soon as possible to discuss this matter. Additionally, please send your letter, indicating that you are willing to assume defense of this case, to Mr. Sherfy's attention. Thank you for your courtesy and cooperation. Very truly yours, '- c~ ~ JU K. SKO SEN Ac ing City Attorney cc: Dennis Wesley, Branch Manager Granite Construction Company Alan Tandy, City Manager ~ Ed Schulz, Public Works Director Alan D. Daniel, Assistant City Attorney Robert M. Sherfy, Assistant City Attorney JKS:RMS:rb corr6\pratt \elkins \J06 --------------- I I MEMORANDUM " January 5, 1994 TO: \ Y.~' FROM: ' ,/ "- c_~ 'l SUBJECT: Good news and bad news... Hillman Fasteners has decided to expand their operation in Bakersfield. The Ohio-based manufacturer of fasteners has been doing business in Bakersfield for several years. When the company decided to expand in Bakersfield, this department identified several possible sites which met the company's criteria; the site eventually selected was among those indentifed by this department. Hillman's new location is in Stockdale Industrial Park. Employment has been increased to 27 workers. This office has worked closely with the company since its arrival in Bakersfield and provided the local manager various information when the corporate office was considering other cities for its expansion. We also provided assistance with the I, Building Division to expedite Hillman's move into their new building. Bio International Corporation has selected a site outside of Bakersfield for their new I facility. The company, formerly Bio National, has been doing business in the Incentive Area for several years. Unfortunately, the owner of their building recently put the property up for sale, requiring a search for new sites. Despite help by this office to locate potential sites, Bio International was offered a very attractive deal by one of its agricultural clients in Lamont. It is with -a bit of irony that Bio International found its new location because of assistance provided by this office. Last year we worked with the company to develop a news release promoting the benefits of their new bioremediation technology to the local agricultural community. It appears one of the contacts developed from this public relations effort had a site for Bio International when the company began looking for a new location. The company leaves Bakersfield with good feelings toward the city; their new location was offered at a price that was just too good to pass up. CITY' r,A¡~11~<\y'~bad.nws :> J,û';'~ ~!¡ :; 3 !: -' ----- -- -- -- - . '. " I . MEMORANDUM I' January 5, 1994 TO: ALAN TANDY, CITY MANAGER FROM: LEL~ J. ~OORS~, CO~Ifi SE~ICES mNA~R ~~ SUBJECT: PINE TREES IN NORTHEAST BAKERSFIELD (Council Referral No. 12811) The attached item was referred to staff at the December 15, 1993, Council meeting. On January 12, Councilmember Smith, Frank Fabbri and I will be at the location to view the pine trees and consider the possibilities. I will keep you posted as to the direction we will take. The delay in responding to this referral has been the unavailability of both staff and Councilmember Smith due to the Christmas Holidays. If you have any questions or comments, please contact me at your conven~ence. /lg Attachment CC: Frank Fabbri - Parks Superintendent II I : (;,,1,/ ::I-~".i:_:-,:;y :; ,].',< C: ,;: <.- ---- --- - c-' . -~~ .. CITY COUNCIL REFERRAL .' MEETING OF: 12/15/93 REFERRED TO: COMMUNITY SVC. DEPT. L ANDERSEN ' ITEM: RECORD# 12811 Pine trees in Northeast Bakersfield. ACTION TAKEN BY COUNCIL: SMITH REFERRED TO STAFF THE PROBLEM OF DYING PINE TREES IN NORTHEAST BAKERSFIELD AND ADVISED THAT THE ASPHALT IN THE CENTER DIVIDERS ARE DETERIORATED AND SUGGESTED REMOVING THE ASPHALT TO EXPAND OPENINGS TO ALLOW WATER TO PENETRATE THE ROOTS OF THE TREES AND ASKED T~A: SH= BE KEPT APPRISED OF THIS MATTER. BACKUP MATERIAL ATTACHED: NO DATE FORWARDED BY CITY CLERK: 12/20/93 NOTE: STATUS CHANGES ARE TO BE ENTERED FOR EACH REFERRAL AT LEAST ONCE A MONTH EVEN IF NO ACTION HAS BEEN TAKEN! Ul., Ut:,/';.~ 15: 4<4 (CIt,GF:E~,::,1'1HI~ l):,L [OOLEY .r .:jq- -.-.--, I I'U, _b "'-- CALVIN M DOOLEY t--;~' AGRICULTURE COMMITliE 20TH b ' ~~~~ì{,. O£",ATMUH OrIUTlOII. ~"o NUfAlTlOOf I&TRICT, CALIFORNIA ~~ " : O"'[AAL FA-'" CO""MOOITC!I . Jl LIVESTOCK WA8HINOTON OFFICii !;¡,Ii NATURAL "(BOURCES 1227 LallaWOAT" DUILÞINO OVIR&leHT AIIO tNvIUla"TIQ,,' WA'III~~~o2~,~~:.'~~617 €ongrt55 of tbt œníttb i>tatt5 Bt~~I~:':~~:'~~EAND CALlPQRNIA OFFICE ~ ~ ' ECONOMIC GROWTH ANO CPfOlT fOAMA'fIOll 224 WIlT LAtaY BOULEVARD ROUßt of ~tpr tßtntattbeø H"..,OIIO. CA 83230 (2081 &88-.,7, (800) 484-4294 I January 6, 1994 The Honorable Henry Cisnero I Secretary United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 451 Seventh street, S.w. Washington, D.C. 20410 Dear Secretary Cisnero: , I am writing in support of a section 108 Loan Guarantee-~ Application submitted to your Department by the City of I Bakersfield. This request is for $2.5 million to provide i assistance in completing the stalled Bakersfield Convention Center Hotel project in downtown Bakersfield. The proposed hotel started in 1986 and is an important component of the City's strategy to attract more conventions to the adjacent Bakersfield Convention Center. with the completion of the hotel, Bakersfield will become a competitive convention city with the potential of adding to the overall economic stability of the community. The hotel project will' provide permanent job opportunites to at least 180 low and moderate income individuals, as well as 80 construction jobs during the building phase. There will be many positive contributions to the entire community once this project is realized. I strongly encourage the approval of Bakersfield's I application for a Section 108 Loan Guarantee and look forward to your favorable reply. ! . I s~ ~ CALVIN DOOLEY 1,1 Member of Congress , I I CD:Vc ' COmfnunl1y Offlce Hou~ D,lano - Second TuesdaV. 1:30 - 2;30 p.m.. Oeltno Civic Clnt.r, 100& Elevenlh Avenue. Olnubl - Steon<! Tu9tðny. 8:30 - 10:~0 "m.. lIeer..lion . COrn/l'lvn/lv ~etVIce. ~""r1me"t. '390 Ets1 ('ilebe!h Wey. 'rtlnO - Seeond Wedneeðlv. 8;30 - 10:30 "m.. HinlOn Community Cent.r, 2386 Sou'" Felrvl.w. &elm. -SKond ., " '-'--.'--'-nu