HomeMy WebLinkAbout10/02/85 AGENDA
WATER BOARD - CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2 , 1985
12:00 P.M. - NOON
COMMUNITY SERVICES DEPARTMENT CONFERENCE ROOM
Call meeting to order
Roll call - Board Members: Moore, Chairman; Barton; Ratty
1. Approve minutes of meeting held September 11, 1985.
2. Scheduled public statements.
3. Correspondence.
4. Proposed Water Board membership in WATER ASSOCIATION of
KERN COUNTY. FOR BOARD ACTION.
5. Billboard lease agreements with Kunz and Company and
National' Advertising Company (3M) for billboards located
on Kern River and Carrier Canal right-of-ways. FOR BOARD
ACTION and RECOMMENDATION to CITY COUNCIL.
6. Proposed Weather Modification Agreement for City participation
in the 1985-86 cloud seeding program on the Kern River water-
shed. FOR BOARD ACTION.
7. Domestic Water Urban Management Plan. This management ~plan
is required by the Urban Water Management Planning Act under
California Water Code 10610. FOR BOARD REVIEW and~ ADOPTION.
8. Proposed WESTERN WATER WORLD develoPment to be located at
Hart Park. FOR BOARD INFORMATION and DISCUSSION.
9. King Water Company development and Kern River water use
near Lake Ming. FOR BOARD 'INFORMATION '.and DISCUSSION.
10. Proposed Tenneco Property CQrporation annexation to Domestic
Water service area. The property comprises 650 acres in
Section 21 and portion of Section 22 of T30S/R27E. FOR BOARD
ACTION and RECOMMENDATION to CITY COUNCIL.
11. Staff comments.
12. Board comments.
13. Adjournment.
wATER BOARD - CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1985
12:00 P.M. - NOON
The meeting was called to order by Chairman Moore in the
Community Services Department Conference Room.
The secretary called the roll as follows:
Present: Moore (Chairman), Barton (seated at 12:40p.m.),
Ratty
The minutes of the regular meeting held July 24, 1985 were
approved as presented.
There were no public statements nor correspondence received.
Mr. Bogart presented before the Board the proposed "Pioneer
Extension Canal Agreement" between Tenneco Realty Development
Corp. and the City of Bakersfield. Mr. Bogart explained that
this agreement provides for the relocation of the existing
Pioneer Extension Canal to allow for the future realignment
of Stockdale Highway and that under the proposed Agreement,
Tenneco has agreed to build the River Canal Spillway at a
maximum co.st of $65,000, which results in an overall savings
to the City of $30,000~ Dr. Ratty made a motion for approval
and to recommend approval by City Council. The motion passed.
The proposed "Ditch Eradication. and Pipeline Easement Agreement"
regarding conversion of a portion of the Beardsley 1-4-0 lateral
to pipeline was .presented by Mr. Bogart~. This project is to be
completely paid for by the developer, Harold C. Carter and
Arleta Carter. Dr. Ratty made a motion for approval and to
recommend approval by the City Council. The motion passed.
Mr.~Core presented, for Board information, two mainline extension
agreements from Tenneco Realty Development Corp. for Tract #4777
and Tract #4772, located in southwest Bakersfield. The total
amount of these mainline extensions is $66,696.2.1.
Mr. Bogart presented, for Board discussion, the "Proposed
Metropolitan Water District" program to import, bank and extract
water in the James-Pioneer Improvement District. Mr. Bogart
suggested that a new recharge-banking program could be beneficial
to the community as long as the ultimate result to the Kern
County groundwater~basin remains positive.
The Association of California Water Agencies (A.C.W.A.) membership
was brought b'efore t.he Board for discussion. It was suggested
by Mr. Dow that the City join the Kern County Water Association
instead of A.C.W.A. The.. staff will review and make recommendations
at the next Water Board meeting.
Mr. Alan Daniel, from the City Attorney's Office, had comments
to make' on the following:
1. Kern-Tulare vs City of Bakersfield.
2. Billboards located on City property and the problems
encountered with the inherited lease .agreements. Mr.
Daniel stated he would have agreements at the next
· Water Board meeting.
Councilman Moore asked if cloud seeding was going to be
discussed at the next Water Board meeting. Mr. Dow stated
that it would be since the other watersheds involved are
coordinating a program whereby it would be start.ed November 1,
1985.
The meeting adjourned at~
City of Bakers~eld Water Board
Carol Pagan, SeCretary \
City of Bakersfield Water Board
Let your voice bo heard o.
Kef. Cou.ty's most vital Natural llesou[ce!
'lhe Water Association of Kern County was
organized in 1955 to keep the general public well
informed on activities in the field of water problems
a.d on the continuing need for water as the basis of
full development of Kern County.
Since that time, the Association has carried for-
ward a continuing program of public education--
playi.g a major role in maintaining and expanding
public awareness of water problems and the
solutions proposed to solve them.
1'he We~er Association of Kern County is supported by voluntury
memberships and grants fi'om individuals, businesses and
organizations interested in the economic, recreational a.d con-
s~ruation benefits of sound water development.
NAME Councilman Rollie Moore, Chairman, Bakersfield Water Board
ADDIIESS 4101 Truxtun Avenue
CITY/ZIP Bakersfield, CA 93309
OIIGANIZATION City of Bakersfield PHONE ( 805 ) 326-3715
MAJOR AREAS OF CONCERN O!1 OBJECTIVES, IN THE DEVELOP-
blENT OF WA'tEll Public Relations and Information
MEMBEllSIIIP CONI'IlIBU'tlON (TAX DEDUCTIBLE) $100.00
(INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSltlP - $35.00)
(BUSINESS Oil ORGANIZATION MEMBERSitiP - $100.00)
WATER ASSOCIATION OF KEIlN COUNTY
2724 "L" Street
Bakersfield, California 93301
Telephone (805) 324-8440
-77'
BILLBOARD LEASE AGREEMENT
This Agreement made this 3rd day of
September , 1985, by and between the City of Bakersfield,
California, a municipal corporation, of 1501 Truxtun Avenue,
Bakersfield, California, 93301, owner of the real property
described in this Lease (Lessor) and National Advertising Company,
a Delaware Corporation, of 1816 South Van Ness, Fresno,
California, 93721 (Lessee).
RECITALS
The City of Bakersfield (Lessor) has recently passed a
sign ordinance which may impact the National Advertising Company
(Lessee) billboards set forth in this Agreement. The term of this
Agreement will be impacted by the eventual interpretation of this
sign ordinance. This Agreement is written with this uncertainty
in mind and the goal of this Agreement is to establish an enforce-
able lease in spite of this uncertainty.
AGREEMENT
1. Lessor leases to Lessee and Lessee leases from Lessor
the use and possession of various sites, each site approximately
300 square feet, for the purpose of erecting, placing and main-
taining various sign structures on Lessor's property located in
the State of California in the County of Kern in the City of
Bakersfield, each'site more particularly described in Exhibits A
through D attached to this Lease and made a part of this Lease as
though fully set forth.
2. PAYMENT: In consideration of the mutual promises
contained in this Lease, payment shall be made by Lessee to
Lessor, at the address set forth above for Lessor, a rental of
THREE HUNDRED DOLLARS ($300) per year, per face, per sign payable
annually beginning on September 1, 1985 . This rate covers
"poster" .type signs. Total rental for all "poster" type signs is
$ 1,500.00 per year.
3. TERM OF RENTAL: The Term of the rental will depend
upon the interpretation of certain municipal ordinances and State
laws by the City; therefore, if it is determined by the City that
certain municipal ordinances apply to the signs set forth in
Exhibits A through D so as to require their removal, then this
Lease shall terminate in July of 1986; if it is determined by the
City that the municipal ordinances do not require the removal of
the signs set forth in Exhibits A through D, then this Lease will
run for five years from the date of its execution. If the signs,
which are located in different geographic areas, are not all
treated the same by the ordinance interpretation, the terms set
forth in this clause concerning the length of the Lease shall be
applied to each sign individually. By signing this Agreement
Lessee does not waive any right to legal action concerning the
interpretation of the sign ordinance, nor shall any part of this
Agreement serve as an admission in interpreting the sign ordi-
nance.
4. POWER CONNECTIONS~ SUBLETTING AND ASSIGNMENTS:
Lessor grants to Lessee the right to establish or provide electri-
cal power to said sites and to place incidental equipment, includ-
ing but not limited to necessary structures, devices, power poles,
and connections thereon; and Lessor grants to Lessee the right to
sublet said sites or sign structures. Lessee will not assign this
Lease without the prior written consent of the Lessor.
5. OWNERSHIP REMOVAL: It is agreed that all structures,
equipment, materials and improvements placed upon the sites shall
be and remain the property and trade fixtures of Lessee, and
Lessee is granted a reasonable time to remove the same prior to or
after the termination of this Agreement.
6. VISIBILITY: It is the understanding of the parties
that visibility of the~ sign structures to the traveling public
forms a significant element of the consideration underlying this
'Agreement. Lessor, therefore, grants to Lessee the right to rea-
sonably relocate its sign structures on said sites in a location
that will result in the optimum visibility to the traveling public
and further agrees that on property owned and controlled by
Lessor, Lessor will refrain from causing or permitting structures
to be or to become obscured from the highway. In this regard,
Lessee and its authorized agents are granted the right of ingress
and egress to and from said sites over property owned or con-
trolled by Lessor for all purposes reasonably necessary to the
erection, maintenance, changing or removal of said sign struc-
tures, including but not limited to the trimming, cutting or
removing of brush, trees, shrubbery or any other vegetation or the
removal of obstructions of any kind which obscure the visibility
of said sign structures from the highway.
7. OTHER ADVERTISING MATTER PROHIBITED: Lessor shall
not cause or permit any advertising sign structures or other
advertising matter other than Lessee's to be erected or placed on
any property owned or controlled by Lessor within the radius of
1,000 feet of the Lessee's sign structures.
8. IMPAIRMENT OF ADVERTISING VALUE: If at any time the
highway view of Lessee's structures is obstructed or obscured or
the advertising value of the structures is impaired or diminished
or the installation or use of such sites is preluded or materially
limited for advertising purposes by law, or where Lessee is unable
to secure any required permits or licenses from any appropriate
governmental authority, or Lessee is unable for a period of ninety
(90) consecutive days or more to secure and maintain a suitable
advertising contract for'the structures, or if there occurs a
diversion of traffic from, or a change in the direction of traffic
on highways leading past Lessee's structures, Lessee shall have
the right to terminate this Lease upon fifteen (15) days notice in
writing to Lessor and Lessor agrees to refund any rental payment
previously paid for the unexpired term of this Lease. Rental pay-
ments shall cease being due on the day the sign(s) are actually
removed and the area returned to a clean condition. It is
acknowledged by the parties that the payments required in this
Lease are predicated on monthly rates, and in the event that pro-
visions of this paragraph become operative, all payments required
in this Lease shall be prorated based upon a 30-day month.
--3--
9. CHANGE OF OWNERSHIP: In the event of any potential
change in'ownership of the property herein demised, Lessor agrees
to notify the Lessee of such a potential change at least thirty
(30) days prior to any closing consummating said change in owner-
ship and to include the name and address of any and all prospec-
tive purchasers. Lessor further agrees to give and deliver to any
such prospective purchasers formal written notice of the existence
of this Lease at least thirty (30) days prior to such a closing.
10. WARRANTY OF TITLE: Unless specifically stated
otherwise, Lessor represents and warrants that he is either the
owner or the authorized agent of the owner of the property
demised, and that he has full authority to enter into this Lease.
Lessor covenants and warrants that if Lessee shall pay the rental
and shall keep and perform the other covenants of this Lease,
Lessee shall and may peaceably and quietly have, hold and enjoy
the use of the premises demised for the term of this Lease.
11. LESSEE INDEMNIFIES LESSOR: Lessee agrees to save
Lessor harmless from any and all claims or demands on aCcount of
bodily injury or physical property damage caused by or resulting
from any negligent or willful acts of Lessee's agents or employees
in the construction, maintenance, repair, change or removal of
Lessee's structures on the property or from the location of the
sign on Less°r's property, and agrees to carry, at its own cost
and expense, adequate pUblic liability insurance covering any
accident involving said structures and agrees to carry such insur-
ance so long as this Lease shall remain in effect.
12. INSURANCEr LESSOR AS ADDITIONAL INSURED: A certifi-
cate of insurance, naming the Lessor as a named insured under a
liability insurance policy and coverage provided by Lessee, shall
be attached to this Lease and made a part hereof. Each succeeding
year that this Lease remains in full force and effect, a new cer-
tificate of insurance shall be issued.
-4-
13. ACCEPTANCE: This Lease shall be deemed to have been
accepted and its terms enforceable only upon the acceptance by an
authorized representative of Lessee in the space provided. Fol-
lowing such acceptance, it shall inure to the benefit of and be
binding upon the parties and their respective tenants, heirs, suc-
cessors, personal representatives, executors, administrators and
assigns.
14. WAIVER OF DEFAULT: The failure of any party to
enforce against another a provision of this Agreement shall not
constitute a waiver of that party's right to enforce such a provi-
sion at a later time, and shall not serve to vary the terms of
this Agreement.
15. FORUM: No lawsuit pertaining to any matter arising
under or growing out of this contract shall be instituted in any
state other than California.
16. HEADINGS: All paragraph or section captions are for
reference only, and shall not be considered in construing this
Agreement.
17. NOTICES: All notices relative to this Agreement
shall be given in writing and shall be sent by certified or regis-
tered mail and be effective upon posting in the United States
mail. The parties shall be addressed as follows, or at any other
address designated by notice:
Lessor: City of Bakersfield
1501 Truxtun Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Lessee: National Advertising Company
1816 South Van Ness
Fresno,· CA 93777
18. ASSIGNMENT: This contract shall not ~be assigned by
any party, or any party substituted, without prior written consent
of all the parties.
20. ATTORNEY'S FEES: Lessee agrees to pay all costs of
suit arising from the breach of any covenant or condition herein
contained, on the part of the Lessee to be kept or performed.
Lessor shall be entitled to such reasonable attorney's fees as
shall be fixed by a court of competent jurisdiction and all other
costs and expenses of suit.
21. MERGER AND MODIFICATION: This contract sets forth
the entire agreement between the parties, and supersedes all other
oral or written provisions. This contract may be modified or ter-
minated only in a writing signed by all the parties.
o0o
"LESSOR"
CITY CLERK and Ex Officio Clerk of the
Council of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED this day of , 19
MAYOR of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED as to form:
CITY ATTORNEY of the City of Bakersfield
"LESSEE"
NATIONAL ADVERTISING' COMPANY
R E C E ! V ~; t)
JUL 1 1 1985
lqt'E~ O, CALIF'.
BILLBOARD LEASE AGREEMENT
This Agreement made this 3rd day of September ,
1985, by and between the City of Bakersfield, California, a
municipal corporation, of 1501 Truxtun Avenue, Bakersfield,
California, 93301, owner of the real property described in
this Lease (Lessor) and National Advertising Company, a
Delaware Corporation, of 1816 South Van Ness, Fresno,
California, 93721 (Lessee).
RECITALS
The City of Bakersfield (Lessor) has recently passed a
sign ordinance which may impact the National Advertising
Company (Lessee) billboards set forth in this Agreement. The
term of this Agreement will be impacted by the evental
interpretation of this sign ordinance. This Agreement is
written with this uncertainty in mind and the goal of this
Agreement is to establish an enforceable lease in spite of
of this uncertainty.
AGREEMENT
1. Lessor leases to Lessee and Lessee leases from Lessor
the use and possession of a site, approximately 400 square feet,
for the purpose of erecting, placing and maintaining a sign
structure on Lessor's property located in'the State of California
in the County of Kern in the City of Bakersfield, each site more
particularly described in Exhibits A through D attached
to this Lease and made a part of this Lease as though fully
set forth.
2. PAYMENT: In consideration of the mutual promises
contained in this Lease, payment shall be made by Lessee to
Lessor, at the address set forth above for Lessor, a rental of
FIVE HUNDRED FIFTY DOLLARS ($550) per year, payable annually
beginning on September 1, 1985 This rate covers
a "paint" type sign.
3. TERM OF RENTAL: The Term of the rental will depend upon
the interpretation of certain municipal ordinances and State
laws by the City; therefore, if it is determined by the City that
certain municipal ordinances apply to the signs set forth in
Exhibits A through D so as to require their removal, then this
Lease shall terminate in July of 1986; if it is determined by the
City that the municipal ordinances do not require the removal of
the signs .set forth in Exhibits A through D, then this Lease will
run for five years from the date of its execution. If the signs,
which are located in different geographic areas, are not all
treated the same by the ordinance interpretation, the terms set
forth in this clause concerning the length of the Lease shall be
applied to each sign individually. By signing this Agreement
Lessee does not waive any right to legal action concerning the
interpretation of the sign ordinance, nor shall any part of this
Agreement serve as an admission in interpreting the sign ordi-
nance.
4. POWER CONNECTIONSr SUBLETTING AND ASSIGNMENTS:
Lessor grants to Lessee the right to establish or provide electri-
cal power to said sites and to place incidental equipment, includ-
ing but not limited to necessary structures, devices, power poles,
and connections thereon; and Lessor grants to Lessee the right to
sublet said sites or sign structures. Lessee will not assign this
Lease without the prior written consent of the Lessor.
5. OWNERSHIP REMOVAL: It is agreed that all structures,
equipment, materials and improvements placed upon the sites shall
be and remain the property and trade fixtures of Lessee, and
Lessee is granted a reasonable time to remove the same prior to or~
after the termination of this Agreement.
6. VISIBILITY: It is the understanding of the parties
that visibility of the sign structures to the traveling public
forms a significant element of the consideration underlying this
'Agreement. Lessor, therefore, grants to Lessee the right to rea-
sonably relocate its sign structures on said sites in a location
that will result in the optimum visibility to the traveling public
and further agrees that on property owned and controlled by
Lessor, Lessor will refrain from causing or. permitting structures
to be or to become obscured from the highway. In this regard,
Lessee and its authorized agents are granted the right of ingress
and egress to and from said sites over property owned or con-
trolled by Lessor for all purposes reasonably necessary to the
erection, maintenance, changing or removal of said sign struc-
tures, including but not limited to the trimming, cutting or
removing of brush, trees, shrubbery or any other vegetation or the
removal of obstructions of any kind which obscure the visibility
of said sign structures from the highway.
7. OTHER ADVERTISING MATTER PROHIBITED: Lessor shall
not cause or permit any advertising sign structures or other
advertising matter other than Lessee's to be erected or placed on
any property owned or controlled by Lessor within the radius of
1,000 feet of the Lessee's sign structures.
8. IMPAIRMENT OF ADVERTISING VALUE: If at any time the
highway view of Lessee's structures is obstructed or obscured or
the advertising value of the structures is impaired or diminished
or the installation or use of such sites is preluded or materially
limited for advertising purposes by law, or where Lessee is unable
to secure any required permits or licenses from any appropriate
governmental authority, or Lessee is unable for a period of ninety
(90) consecutive days or more to secure and maintain a suitable
advertising contract for the structures, or if there occurs a
diversion of traffic from, or a change in the direction of traffic
on highways leading past Lessee's structures, Lessee shall have
the right to terminate this Lease upon fifteen (15) days notice in
Writing to Lessor and Lessor agrees to refund any rental payment
previously paid for the unexpired term of this Lease. Rental pay-
ments shall cease being due on the day the sign(s) are actually
removed and the area returned to a clean condition. It is
acknowledged by the parties that the payments required in this
Lease are predicated on monthly rates, and in the event that pro-
visions of this paragraph become operative, all payments required
in this Lease shall be prorated based upon a 30-day month.
9. CHANGE OF OWNERSHIP: In the event of any potential
change in ownership of the property herein demised, Lessor agrees
to notify the Lessee of such a potential change at least thirty
(30) days prior to any closing consummating said change in owner-
ship and to include the name and address of any and all prospec-
tive purchasers. Lessor further agrees to give and deliver to any
such prospective purchasers formal written notice of the existence
of this Lease at least thirty (30) days prior to such a'closing.
10. WARRANTY OF TITLE: Unless specifically stated
otherwise, Lessor represents and warrants that he is either the
owner or the authorized agent of the owner of the property
demised, and that he has full authority to enter into this Lease.
Lessor covenants and warrants that if Lessee shall pay the rental
and shall keep and perform the other covenants of this Lease,
Lessee shall and may peaceably and quietly have, hold and enjoy
the use of the premises demised for the term of this Lease.
11. LESSEE INDEMNIFIES LESSOR: Lessee agrees to save
Lessor harmless from any and all claims or demands on account of
bodily injury or physical property damage caused by or resulting
from any negligent or willful acts of Lessee's agents or employees
in the construction, maintenance, repair, change or removal of
Lessee's structures on the property or from the location of the
sign on Lessor's property, and agrees to carry, at its own cost
and expense, adequate public liability insurance covering any
accident involving said structures and agrees to carry such insur-
ance so long as this Lease shall remain in effect.
12. ~NSURANCE~ LESSOR AS ADDITIONAL INSURED: A certifi-
cate of insurance, naming the Lessor as a named insured under a
liability insurance policy and coverage provided by Lessee, shall
be attached to this Lease and made a part hereof. Each succeeding
'year that this Lease remains in full force and effect, a new cer-
tificate of insurance shall be issued.
13. ACCEPTANCE: This Lease shall be deemed to have been
accepted and its terms enforceable only upon the acceptance by an
authorized representative of Lessee in the space provided. Fol-
lowing such acceptance, it shall inure to the benefit of and be
binding upon the parties and their respective tenants, heirs, suc-
cessors, personal representatives, executors, administrators and
assigns.
14. WAIVER OF DEFAULT: The failure of any party to
enforce against another a provision of this Agreement shall not
constitute a waiver of that party's right to enforce such a provi-
sion at a later time, and shall not serve to vary the terms of
this Agreement.
15. FORUM: No lawsuit pertaining to any matter arising
under or growing out of this contract shall be instituted in any
state other than California.
16. HEADINGS: All paragraph or section captions are for
reference only, and shall not be considered in construing this
Agreement.
17. NOTICES: All notices relative to this Agreement
shall be given in writing and shall be sent by certified or regis-
tered mail and be effective upon posting in the United States
mail. The parties shall be addressed as follows, or at any other
address designated by notice:
Lessor: City of Bakersfield
1501 Truxtun Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Lessee: National Advertising Company
1816 South Van Ness
Fresno, CA 93777
18. ASSIGNMENT: This contract shall not be assigned by
any party, or any party substituted, without prior written consent
of all the parties.
20. ATTORNEY'S FEES: Lessee agrees to pay all costs of
suit arising from the breach of any covenant or condition herein
contained, on the part of the Lessee to be kept or performed.
-5-
Lessor shall be entitled to such reasonable attorney's fees as
shall be fixed by a court of competent jurisdiction and all other
costs and expenses of suit.
21. MERGER AND MODIFICATION: This contract sets forth
the entire agreement between the parties, and supersedes all other
oral or written provisions. This contract may be modified or ter-
minated only in a writing signed by all the parties.
o0o
"LESSOR"
CITY CLERK and Ex Officio Clerk of the
Council of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED this day of , 19
MAYOR of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED as to form:
CITY ATTORNEY of the City of Bakersfield
"LESSEE"
NATIO~L- ADVERTI~IN'G COMPANY
R E C ~ ! V ~ D
JUL 1 I 1985
[[tE~NO, CALIF'.
AGREEMENT NO.
THIS AGREEMENT (hereinafter called "Lease") made this
day of , 1985, by'and between the City of
Bakersfield, a municipal corporation, of 1501 Truxtun Avenue,
Bakersfield, California, 93301, owner of the hereinafter described
real estate ("Lessor") and Kunz& Co. ("Lessee").
RECITALS
The City of Bakersfield (Lessor) has recently passed a
sign ordinance which may impact Kunz & Company billboards set
forth in this Agreement. This Agreement is written with this
uncertainty in mind and the goal of this Agreement is to establish
an enforceable Lease in spite of this uncertainty.
AGREEMENT
1. Lessor hereby leases to Lessee and Lessee hereby
leases from Lessor the use and possession of a site(s) of approxi-
mately 300 square feet each (more particularly described and des-
ignated herein) for the purpose of erecting, placing and
maintaining one (1) sign structure on Lessor's property, located
on Golden State Highway in the State of California, in the County
of Kern, existing sign structure located on the City of
Bakersfield Canal R.O.W. property on the southerly bank, approxi-
mately 50 feet from the Golden State Highway R.O.W. in Section 24
T29S R27E, for a period of five (5) years, subject to the term of
rental clause contained in this Agreement, beginning on 'the date
on which the first rental payment is due as herein described. In
consideration of the foregoing and the mutual promises contained
herein, payment shall be at a rental of THREE HUNDRED DOLLARS
($300.00) per year payable annually beginning on June 1, 1985.
2. TERM OF RENTAL: The 'term of the rental will depend
upon the final interpretation of certain municipal ordinances and
state laws by the City and/or a judicial authority; therefore,
if it is finally determined by the City and/or a judicial author-
ity that certain municipal ordinances apply to the sign set forth
in Exhibit A so as to require their removal, then this Lease shall
terminate upon the date of removal; if it is finally determined by
the City and/or a judicial authority that the municipal ordinances
~do not require the removal of the sign set forth in Exhibit A,
then this Lease will run for five years from the date of its exe-
cution. By signing this Agreement, Lessee does not waive any
right to legal action concerning the interpretation of this sign
ordinance, nor waive any right to compensation for the signs as
provided under state statutes, nor shall any part of this
Agreement serve as an admission in interpreting the sign ordi-
nance.
3. Lessor hereby consents to and grants to Lessee the
right to establish or provide electrical power to said site(s) and
to place incidental equipment, including but not limited to neces-
sary structures, devices, power poles, and connections thereon;
the right to sublet said site(s) or sign structure(s) and the
right to relocate said sign(s) to a lawful site(s) satisfactory to
Lessee on Lessor's property if the erection or maintenance of any
sign(s) on the site(s) described herein is/are proscribed by
federal, state, or local statute, ordinance or regulation.
Assignment of this Lease requires the prior written approval of
the Ci.ty of Bakersfield.
4. It is agreed that all structures, equipment, materi-
als and fixtures placed upon the site(s) shall be and remain the
property and trade fixtures of Lessee~and the Lessee is hereby
granted a reasonable time to remove the same prior to or after the
termination of this Agreement. It is further agreed that Lessee
shall be entitled to an apportionment on the basis of the value of
its leasehold interest of any awards of compensation received in
connection with any legal action or proceeding or compromise set-
tlement made pursuant to any governmental agency requirement for
-2-
the removal of said sign structure(s).
5. It is the understanding of the parties that visibil-
ity of the sign structure(s) to the traveling public is of the
essence and forms a significant element of the consideration
underlying this Agreement. Lessor consents and grants to Lessee
the right to reasonably locate its sign structure(s) on said
site(s) in a location(s) that will result in the optimum visibil-
ity to the traveling public, and further agrees to refrain from
causing or permitting said structure(s) to be or to become
obscured from the highway. In this regard, Lessee and its author-
ized agents are hereby granted the right of ingress and egress to
and from said site(s) over property owned or controlled by Lessor
for all purposes reasonably necessary to the erection,
maintenance, changing or removal of said structure(s) including
but not limited to the trimming, cutting or removing of brush,
trees, shrubbery, or any other vegetation, or the removal of
obstructions of any kind which obscure the visibility of said
structure(s) from the highway.
6. Lessor shall not cause or permit any advertising sign
structure(s) or other advertising matter other than Lessee's to be
erected or placed on any property owned or controlled by Lessor
within the radius of 1000 feet of Lessee's sign structure(s).
7. If at any time the highway view of Lessee's
structure(s) is obstructed or obscured, or the advertising value
of the structure(s) is impaired or diminished, or the installation
or use of such site(s) is precluded or materially limited for
advertising purposes by law, or where Lessee is unable to secure
any required permits or licenses from any appropriate governmental
authority, or Lessee is unable for a period of ninety (90) consec-
utive days or more to secure and maintain a suitable advertising
contract for the structure(s), or if there occurs a diversion of
-3-
traffic from, or a change in the direction of traffic on highways
leading past Lessee's structure(s); Lessee shall have the right to
terminate this Lease upon fifteen (15) days notice in writing to
Lessor, and [ess°r agrees to refund any rental payment previously
paid for the unexpired term of this Lease. It is acknowledged by
the parties hereto that the payments required hereunder are predi-
cated on monthly rates, and in the event the provisions of this
paragraph become operative, all payments required hereunder shall
be prorated based upon a thirty (30) day month.
8. In the event of any potential change in ownership of
the property herein demised, Lessor agrees to notify Lessee of
such a potential change at least thirty (30) days prior to any
closing consummating said change in ownership and to include the
name and address of any and all prospective purchaser(s). Lessor
further agrees to give and deliver to any and all such prospective
purchaser(s) formal, written notice of the existence of this Lease
at least thirty (30) days prior to such a closing.
9. Unless specifically stated otherwise herein, Lessor
represents and warrants that he is either the owner or the author-
ized agent of the owner of the property herein demised, and that
he has full authority to enter into this Lease. Lessor covenants
and warrants that if Lessee shall pay the rental as herein pro-
vided and shall keep and perform the other covenants herein
stated, Lessee shall and may peaceably and quietly have, hold and
enjoy the use of the premises herein demised for the term of the
Lease.
10. Lessee agrees to save Lessor harmless from any and
all claims or demands on account of bodily injury or physical pro-
p'erty damage caused by or resulting from any negligent or willful
acts of Lessee's agents or employees in the construction, main-
tenance, repair, change, or removal of Lessee's structure(s) on
the property and agrees to carry, at its own cost and expense,
-4-
adequate public liability insurance covering any such contingen-
cies so long as this Lease shall remain in effect. Lessor agrees
to save Lessee harmless from any and all claims or demands on
account of bodily injury or physical property damage caused by or
resulting from any negligent or willful acts of Lessor or Lessor's
agents.
11. Neither Lessor nor Lessee shall be.bound by any
agreement or representation expressed or implied not contained
herein. This Lease shall be deemed to have been accepted and its
terms enforceable only upon the acceptance hereof by an executive
officer of Lessee in the space provided. Following such accep-
tance, it shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the
parties hereto and to their respective tenants, heirs, successors,
personal representatives, executors, administrators, and assigns.
12. A Certificate of Insurance, naming the City of
Bakersfield as a named insured under a Liability Insurance Policy
and coverage provided by Kunz & Co., Inc., shall be attached to
this Sign Location Lease Agreement, and made a part thereof. Each
succeeding year that this Lease Agreement remains in full force
and effect, a new Certificate of Insurance shall be issued.
13. Lessee agrees to pay all costs of suit arising from
the breach of any covenant or condition herein contained, on the
part of the Lessee to be kept or performed. The City of
Bakersfield, California, shall be entitled to such reasonable
-5-
attorneys' fees as shall be fixed by a court of competent juris-
diction and all other costs and expenses of suit.
"LESSOR"
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
"LESSEE"
KUNZ ~ COMPANY
CITY CLERK and Ex Officio Clerk of the
Council of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED this day of , 19
MAYOR of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED as to form:
CITY ATTORNEY of the City of Bakersfield
ADD-kda
A-KUNZ1 -6-
1415 - 18th STFIEET, ROOM 705
BAKEFiSFIELO, CALIFORNIA 93302
{~) 3~-3116 CITy OF BAKE~FiELD
Augus~ ~3, ]985
Mr. Harold Russell
Buena Vista Water Storage District
Mr. Gil Castle
Kern Delta Water District
Mr. Gene Bogart
City of Bakersfield
RE: 1985-86 Weather Modification Program - Kern River Basin
Gentlemen:
Now is the time to look towards a new seasonal weather modifi-
cation program. The Kern River Basin is now relatively depleted of
its inter-seasonal storage as indicated by the nominal flows in
Kern River North Fork. Isabella Reservoir Storage is going to be
the lowest since 1981. Therefore there will be 50,000 to 75,000
acre feet of "permissable" space available to the conservation
group. The groundwater levels have moderated from the higher
elevations which reflect the non-use of the Kern River Channel
for groundwater replenishment activities. Further, there are adjacent
areas which have extracted their full agricultural water requirements
from the groundwater additionally lowering the groundwater levels and
thus enhancing the spreading opportunities. Storage, and thus the
availability of water from the SWP and CVP, is low. All of the above
give justification to enter into a weather modification program
commencing November 1, 1985 and to run through April 30, 1986 with
provision to extend through May, 1986.
Please review this immediately so we might resolve this matter
no later than October 1, 1985, Budgetary consideration will probably
not exceed $25,000 per entity, including insurance, management, etc.
A form of contract for your consideration is enclosed.
We should plan on meeting on this before the end of August so
we might pass on comments to the Contractor. Let me know your comments.
Very truly yours,
C. H. Williams
Engi neer-Manager
CHW: ak
1415 - 18th STREET, ROOM 705
BOX 1195
BAKERSFIELD, CALIFORNIA 93302 SEP
(805) 325-3116 C~I ~;~ F;~ * ¥ Servic~.s~3AKERSFIEL{~
August 30, 1985
Mr. Doug Woodman
Kings River Matermaster ~\.!~L ~.~ I~.~
q888 E. Jensen K~.,)~/.~ ' ','~ ~, "~'~'
Fresno, CA 93725
Mr, Hax Garver
Ka~eah River Hatermas~er
1~10 N. Cain/Box 12q7
Visalia, CA 93279
RE: ~985-88 Heather Modification Program
Gentlemen:
Attached is a sel~-explanatory response to a question
raised oF Tommy Henderson ~hich I submit For your
consideration. For the Kern, se are interested in savings in
program co~ts but are concerned over diminished activity in the
Kern Basin ~hen it counts.
I~ you are interested in pursuing a program this year then
I $ould suggest you 9et directions ~rom your people and then
plan on meeting $ith Tommy say at Visalia by mid month. Please
let me kno$ your thoughts.
Very truly yours,
C. H. ~illiams
Engineer-Manager
CHH~ak
Enclosure
cc; Jeff Taylor, Kings River Conservation District
Gene Bogart, City of Bakersfield Water Resources Dept
Gi] Castle, Kern Delta Water District
Harold Russell, Buena Vista Water Storage District
atmospherics incorporated
28 August 1985
Mr. Charles H. Williams
North Kern Water Storage Dist.
P.O. Box 1195
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Dear Chuck:
Following our recent telephone call, I have proceeded with some thoughts
on the various aspects of a joint weather modification program designed
to include the Kern, Tule, Kaweah and Kings Rivers under a single cloud
seeding program. As you know, the Tule River has not been ~pec'ifica!'ly
involved in a program for many years. However, all of the others have
active programs, although the Kings is now under temporary suspension
· pending further decisions on hydro power development and an equitable
method of assessing costs to the various interests.
The present cost for individual programs goes something like the follow-
ing, assuming operations during the annual six-month period November
through April.
Kings River: $114,000
Kaweah River: 47,000
Kern River: 91,000
TOTAL: $'252,000'
Assuming all parties could get together in a joint program, the total cost
could be reduced to approximately $218,000. The cost allocation would
then be approximately as follows:
Kings River: $ 98,100
Kaweah River: 41,400
Kern River: 78,500
TOTAL: $2'18,000
Of course, this excludes the Tule River from financial participation and
the costs would be reduced somewhat more if they entered the program as
one of the partners.
As you can imagine, there are both positive and negative aspects to such
a program. We have discussed some of these. The main reason this
5652 EAST DAYTON/FRESNO, CALIFORNIA937271TELEPHONE(209)291-557'51CABLE:ATMOS
atmospherics incorporated
Mr. Charles H. Williams 28 August 1985
Page 2
consortium approach has not been implemented before is because of the
sponsor's perception that their individual program, plus their own
internal aspects, contained administrative and water use practices much
different from the others. Therefore, it seemed more appropriate to
"go it alone". Of course, these attitudes could change and the groups
have not been recently polled.
The positive side relates mostly to reduction in costs. The negative
side relates, in part, to (1) loss of the "individual" program, (2)
problems related to suspension criteria, (3) water use in the individual
areas, (4) assignment of costs as groups "turn-on" and "turn-off" their
individual operations and (5) aircraft and ground generator operations
when storm systems cover all three areas at the same time.
The consortium concept has merit and probably the subject is worth further
exploration. Let me know if you would like us to help move the idea
further down the road.
Best regards,
Thomas d. Henderson
President
TJH/h
5552 EAST DAYTON / FRESNO. CALIFORNIA 93727 / TELEPHONE (209} 291-5575 / CABLE: ATMOS
NORTH KERN WATER STORAGE DISTRICT
1415 - 18th STREET, ROOM 70,5
BOX 1195 ~g
BAKERSFIELD, CALIFORNIA 93302
{805) 325-3116
September 5, 1985
Mr. Gene Bogart
City of Bakersfield
Mr. Harold Russell
Buena Vista Water Storage District
Mr. Gil Castle
Kern Delta Water District
Mr. Doug Woodman
Kings River Watermaster
Mr. Max Garver
Kaweah River Watermaster
Mr. Jeff Taylor
Kings River Conservation District
RE: Weather Modification
Gentlemen:
Attached are two articles which appeared in the Israeli
April 1985 Journal "Water & Irrigation Review". This article
gives a good indication of some of the figures we are looking
at in our weather modification program.
Very 'truly yours,
C. H. Williams
Engi neer-Manager
CNW:ak
Enclosures
Rain-Making - Fact
and Legend
The articles which follow take a good hard look at the
development of the science and practice of rain-
enhancement. After an introductory survey, the article by
Professors Gagin and Neumann gives us an in-depth
understanding of the years of rigorous field studies, in Israel
and the United States, and the theories of rain formation and
cloud dynamics which developed from these studies. The
results and benefits are indeed significant.
From the time man began to farm, the idea of making rain
has tantalised him. Studies now show that some clouds will
indeed yield more rain, when seeded by techniques
developed over recent decades.
Moses brought forth water by striking a
rock and turned the saline waters of
Mara sweet. Elijah the prophet put the
prophets of Ba'al to shame and brought
rain down to end a famine.
These successes have been repeated,
though not by a prophet this time; nor
should the success achieved be consi-
dered a one-time event or phenomenon ....
An Israeli team of researchers, headed by
Prof. A. Gagin and Prof. J. Neumann of
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, has
succeded over the last 15 years in eh-
hancing rainfall.
In the following article Professors
Gagin anti Neumann provide an 'illumi-
nating account of the theory and develop-
merit of rain-making.
True, this success cannot be put down
solely to the know-how and the techni-
ques devised by the Israeli team. It is
also due to the specific atmospheric con-
ditions prevailing in the Eastern
Mediterranean and in Israel where the
trials were carried out, For rain enhance-
ment is not just a matter of devising a
successful technique and applying it at
will wherever or whenever there is a ter droplets, the relative proportions of method, an original contribution to the
need for rain. Obviously, certain natural these constituents vary within a very subject of rainfall inducement, and, over
conditions must exist in the area for the wide range, according to the type of the course of time, developed and per-
trials to be crowned with success, cloud and other factors, fected in Israel.
In actual fact, there is no such thing as Rain begins when some of the very This me~hod, now successfully applied
"rainmaking". The popular notion that small droplets of water in a cloud grow, in Israel, has also given the most en-
through the use of some fancy equip- by a complex process involving ice and couraging re'suits in other countries
ment, by application of some elaborate water, to a size large enough for the pull which have carried out research trials in
technique, one can dabble with nature of gravity to overcome the lifting forces rain enhancement. The basic concept
and bring a down-pour at will in the midst due to the turbulent conditions prevailing underlying this method is to stimulate the
of the Sahara or the Atacama deserts is, within the clouds; this turbulence keeps formation of water droplets larger than
at the present level of knowledge, no- the clouds in constant internal motion exist naturally in the clouds, by initially
thing more than a fable, and is likely to and prevents or retards the descent to generating ice crystals at times and Ioca-
remain so for the foreseeable future. Nor earth of water droplets, tions conducive to a more efficient pro-
is it an easy matter to do the reverse - to The main purpose of rain enhancement cess of rain inducement. Under this pro-
hold back the rains, put a stop to a flood, is, therefore, to induce the formation of cess, the very small droplets adhere to
break up a hail storm, or carry out some precipitation particles of a size and the ice crystgds (by a process known as
other form of weather modification, weight large enough to overcome the "riming") until they reach a size sufficient
though these too are subjects which may forces that keep aloft the microscopic to sever their association with their sur-
one day, with further research, also be water drops normally present in a cloud, roundings and to fall to earth. Since the
tackled. Many methods have been tried in diffe- ice crystals are often not present in suffi-
A precondition for the fall of rain is the rent countries, all of which were aimed ciently large numbers to efficiently set
presence of cloud. Not just any cloud, but either at generating rain elements in the process in motion, small particles of
rather clouds of a type conducive to rain. clouds that otherwise would not be silver iodide are introduced into the
Moreover, assuming the right type of formed, or at increasing their numbers, cloud. Each of these panicles can serve
clouds are present in a certain region and However, the results obtained in most as the nucleus of an ice crystal, provided
at a given time, a whole set of conditions cases have been either ambiguous or conditions are appropriate, and in this
is needed to prime the precipitation pro- disappointing and in some cases even way the process of raindrop formation is
cess. In some situations clouds that pre- clearly negative, i.e. rain has been re- set off or accelerated.
cipitate their rain naturally may.be reluc- duced rather than increased as a result of But the main difficulty lies in evaluating
rant to release quantities sufficient to the experiments. The problem is not only the results of cloud seeding and deter-
reach the ground and produce what is one of selecting the right method, but mining the effectiveness of the method
known in meteorological, hydrological rather of adapting the method most selected. As already pointed out, induced
and agricultural circles as "effective rain- favourable taking into account the speci- rainfall does not appear as a miracle
fall", fic properties of the clouds in a given patently visible to bystanders or obser-
It is here that rain enhancement enters locality, verso as in the assembly watching Elijah's
the scene by achieving one of two One method which has been tried is to confrontation with the prophets of Ba'al,
things: either by priming the process of spray clouds with water or with dry ice at which a downpour was created "out of
shedding part of the load of clouds which (CO2) to produce "static effects"; the blue sky". Such an event or phe-
would otherwise have yielded no pre- another, to provoke a sudden expansion nomenon was in itself sufficiently con-
cipitation, or by inducing clouds, already of clouds through internal heat release vincing. The problem rather is one of
releasing rain, to release a.lqr, ger quantity. ("dynamic effects"), achieved by mas- assessing the increase in rainfall over a
The water content of a cloud is compris- sive seeding with silver iodide. However, certain region in a certain period of time
ed mainly of two constituents: microsco- neither of these methods wa~ found to during which rain is expected to fall. But
pfc ice crystals and extremely small wa- be as successful as the static seeding rainfall varies, sometimes within very
WATER & IRRIGATION REVIEW ~
wide limits, from day to day and from clouds, rather [han with the rain in- Evaluation of the economic benefits is
one year to the next. If in a certain year tensity of the clouds, no easy task, mainly because of the
more rain falls than in the previous year, The results threw light on one of the variability in ranfall. In certain years, de-
is it the consequence of a rainfall en- questions which arose during the trials, pending on rainfall distribution in that
hancement operation, rather than the out- namely, whether the increase in rain was year, rainfall at a specific time can make
come of natural conditions, unaided by limited to the main rainfall events or was all the difference between losing or saw
man? events or was evenly distributed through lng a croi~, whereas in other, wetter
A long series of carefully controlled all the rain days. In the first case, years, an increase in rainfall would have
experiments is therefore called for, using the increased precipitation would bring only a marginal impact on yields. Accord-
strict control measures, backed up by only limited benefits, since a major part ing to a conservative estimate of agri-
sophisticated mathematical analysis of of this precipitation would be lost as cultural benefits, prepared by the Israel
the results. Moreover,' since the whole runoff that would flow through the natu- Ministry of Agriculture, the net benefit for
process of rain formation is not always ral drainage system directly to the sea. agriculture of the seeding activities is
perfectly understood, the rain enhance- On the other hand, a more or less even about $11.5 million per year, while the
ment method selected must be tested by distribution of the rain events would have overall cost of the program is only
physical-statistical analyses which can be a clearly beneficial effect for agriculture $600,000 per year. No assessment ol
supported by evidence gathered in the and for the water resources of the court- non-agricultural benefits, such as the
course of the experiments, try. Careful analysis of the data showed long-term contribution to groundwater re-
The results obtained in the second the second case to be true. sources or surface runoff, has yet been
series of trials confirmed the main con- made.
clusion reached in the first series of trials, On the basis of the results of these One question that disturbed the reseat-
and showed an overall rainfall increase of trials, a full-scale program of rain en- chers was the possibility that any in-
13 percent and an increase of 18 to 26 hancement was put into operation in crease in rainfall obtained in target areas
percent in the area 30 to 50 km down- 1974 covering all the northern region of in Israel through cloud seeding opera-
wind of the seeding line. The folowing Israel. This program is being closely mort- tions could bring about a parallel reduc-
conclusions were also drawn: itored, like the two previous series of tion in precipitation in neighbouring areas,
trials, and is showing distinctly positive partly located across its broders with
· Positive effects were obtained on 82 results. At the same time, another series alien countries and therefore out of reach
percent of the rainy days in Israel, of trials has been launched in the south- of Israeli researchers. This problem,
· The most suitable clouds for rain en- ern region of Israel, where the climate is which could have serious political reper-
hancement were found to have cloud much drier and where rain enhancement cussions, proved to be of no significance.
summit temperatures in the range of would have a significance possible even In fact, US researchers working on
- 15 to - 12°C. The increase in rain- greater than in the north, meteorlogical data received from these
fall due to seeding on these days In addition, the economics of cloud countries, have shown that exactly the.
was computed at 46 percent, seeding has been studied in the past few opposite has happened, i.e. an increase'
· The increases in rainfall under seed- years, aimed at showing whether the in rainfall was recorded in aireas border-
ing are primarily connected with cDr- benefits, mianly to the agricultural sector, lng on the target area, although the rate
responding increases in rain duration deriving from cloud seeding outweighed of increase was less than in the target
and with the number of precipitating project costs, area itself.
"GAL" ~U
PRESSURE
REDUCING
VALVE
SHING
"GAL" VALVE
THE VERSATILE "GAL" VALVE (GROOVED)
"GAL" ~ Gal is a hydraulic valve whose diaphragm is an
VALVE ~ integral part of the valve body. The valve's
excellent hydrodynamic design affords high flow
capacity with Iow pressure losses and a quiet
water flow during operation. Gal's few moving
parts prevent friction and allow for easy in-line
maintenance. Gal can be operated by various
types of controls: manual, electric, pressure
~ ~~ regulations, remote control. Gal is available in
bronze, cast iron and aluminum with threaded,,
flanged or grooved ends. Gal valves are widely
FOUNI)R¥ & METAL WORK.',; used in automated irrigation systems. They also
KIBBUTZ DORO! 7917S ISRAEL ~IOSII. E POST perform special functions such as backflushing
HOF ASHKELON
.~.r: r~L o~-gS~OS^LES D~.T 0~-~.03 filters and pressure regulation. SOLENOID "GAL" VALVE
TELEX 5465 IL
Reader Inquiry Serwce No. ]2
1 2 WATER & IRRIGATION REVIEW
Rain-Making And Cloud
Physics
A. Gagin and J. Neumann
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Hebrew University,
Jerusalem, Israel
History seeding project in parts of the country, it), proved true once again. What the
Cloud seeding activities in Israel began in the above small randomized scheme con- recommendations of local scientists
1948. At first, individual clouds were tinued throughout the 1950s. The Israel could not achieve over a period of 12
seeded with dry ice from a plane of the Government was. not ready at the time to yearn, was accomplished by the foreign
Israel Air Force and with the partial finan- support a major experiment. In those scientists.
cial assistance of the Israel Ministry of years when an Israel Government official The statistical design of the rando-
Agriculture. However, financial conditions asked for the opinion of the col'leagues in mized experiment was the work of K.R.
soon forced us to switch over to silver the U.S. Government service, the reply GabFiel of the then Statistical Laboratory,
iodide (Agl) ground generators. (Little did was usually skeptical... In the circumst- Hebrew University of Jerusalem. A deci-
we realize at the time that the Agt smoke ances, the small randomized project sion was also taken concerning the initia-
from generators placed over flat terrain, could not have continued without the tion of a program of cloud physics re-
is not very likely to reach the clouds). All efforts of E.D. Bergmanno Chairman, search connected with the seeding pro-
the activities were planned and super- "Rain Committee". ject. The conduct of that research was
vised by a self-constituted un-official The growing realization over the 1950s put into the hands of The Hebrew Uni-
committee wl~ichcalled itself"Rain Com- that Israel must find new water re- versify Dept. of Meteorology (renamed
mitee" and which was composed of sci- sources prepared the ground for a Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences in 1972)
entists and Government officials, change in the attitude of the official wa- Cloud Physics Laboratory, headed by A.
Perhaps the'most significant outcome ter organizations of the country. In 1960 Gagin.
of the first three years of activities'was in an "International Conference on Science Since by 1960 doubts as to the useful-
that we learned to apprecia~ the great in the Advancement of New States" was ness of Agl smoke generators placed
difficulties connected with a critical eva- convened in Rehovot, Israel. Among the over flat terrain were rather strong, a
luation of the results of seeding. It was invited speakers were E.G. Bowen, decision was taken (aided by A.G.
this realization that led us early in 1951 to Radiophysics Division, C.S.I.RO., Austra- Bowen) to use aircraft equipped with Agl
advance the idea of the need for a rando- Ifa, and L.J. Battan, Institute of Atmos- burners, the seeding flights to take place
mization of the experiment, the idea was pheric Physics, University of Arizona, at cloud-base level. The aircraft were to
approved by the Rain Committee and a Tucson, Arizona. Both spoke of cloud be equipped with instruments in order to
randomized experiment - albeit on a very seeding experiments. Bowen was so study the physics of clouds.
small scale - was put into operation in positive about the promises of seeding of The statistical desing of the rando-
1952. In all probability, it was the first 'cold' clouds with Agl (the text of the mized experiment was of the type desig-
randomized cloud seeding project in the staid Proceedings does not quite reflect nated "crossover" and involved two ex-
world. Admittedly, the statistical efficien- the enthusiasm of the verbal presenta- periment areas referred to by the names
cy of the design of the project was Iow. tion), that his words convinced heads of "North" and "Center" (see Fig. 1).
Its greatest merit was in the introduction Israel's water organizations of the worth- The actual seeding operations began in
of randomization in rain-stimulation trials, whileness of a serious major project. The February 1961 and continued for a total
Except for the years 1953-56, when ancient proverb, "No One Is a Prophet in of 61/2 rainfall seasons (the rainfall seson
the Lasker Foundation of NewYork spon- His Own Country" (or "in His City", as of Israel is much like that of California:
sored and financed a non-randomized the Hebrew form of the old proverb puts from about November to April -
WATFR & IRR~ATION REVIEW 13
"Mediterranean climate"), i.e. until spring of the seeding material at cloud-base
1967. This project was later named Israeli level. This estimate is based on theoretic-
I. _--_. _ -.~ al calculations of growth precipitation ele-
~=7 '-'~? ~ :' //*? merits summarized below, see also Fig.
Benefits of Artificial Rain ~_~f~ 5~_~ ~--,,./......,.,,~ il? 6. In terms of wind speed, hall-an-hour is
Artificial increase of rain. if feasible. ~:~_:~::~ ~'.,.~?.~ equivalent to 15 to 25 km horizontal
~.:.-::~-s~,,.: ~ / : distance, i.e. we anticipate the maximum
would be a rather inexpensive way of . ; ~
augmenting water resources. Assuming ~---7'---.-~-~.~,,~ /' , effect to take place at that distance
~..:-.~--:-~:-~'-~ .;. ,,
that cloud seeding is caried out over ~-~--'~~, t ; - .,:. . downwind from the line of seeding. The
Israel north of Beer Sheva (south of Beer ?:~-~.~,,-: , . · :
~.~_~_.-~._::~:- .; . .. .... .j.,.- location of the interior area is indicated in
Sheva seeding opportunities are less fre- ' ,'" "" Fig. 1
,"/ ~_. ·
quent) and assuming a 10% increase in ~
rainfall through seeding, on the average, _ ~o~~I
(we note that the results of the 1961-67 :: =-:~-------:---_-= .... ~ --'-'J~..._:~___~=____~, °,,"i~' t~
experiment indicate a 15% increase on ,,~,J, For the entire area of the 1961--67
days seeded), an addition of over 500 ~-~ ,': . ,,, experiment, the RDR is about l.15 (= 15%
million m3yr-~ is expecte.d. Allowing for ~_~$'_-~ ,c ~ ~ t.~,, increase). The standard error of the ROR is
evaporation and other Iosse.~, we can ~~':~' ;,' ,.- .. ,~.~_,. such thai the indicated increase is 15% _+
expect that 300 or, perhaps, 350 million ~~ ..r 7%. the WMWtest being significant at the
mayr-~ would accrue to Israel's water --~--~-~.~. , ~ ..'
~,'A. ..! , i 1.3% level, that is,.for the interior areas the
potential (about as much as is trans- ~_ ,.,. ~" /.. positive effect is highly significant.
ported yearly at present by the Main ~,"'S'o u~. ........... The first "ofJicial" evaluation procedure
Water Carrier). That is, assuming a con- .., ,,~,.5,~,, ~f, ,;'~~ had the shortcoming that the significance
servative 10% increase, the water poten- . ,;" ' ' test did not relate directly to the RDR. This
rial of Israel could be augmented by 1/5 defect was corrected by Gabriel at a later
and over. the cost of that additional water stage of the experiment. He undertook
would be extremely Iow: about 1/30 or Fig. 1 Map of Israel showing test areas for computer experiments with the rain data
.even 1/60 of the next cheapest method the 1961-67 experiment, Israeli I. Dots of the two areas. In these, the data were
of developing new water resources, ahow location of rain gagel, pe. rmuted in a random manner and for each
The decisions' facing Israel in a very such computer experiment a "RDR" was
few years, are grave. Already the pump- experiment are discussed in various pap- obtained. On carrying out large r~umber of
lng facility of the Main Water Carrier at ers by Gabriel. The most comprehensive permutations, one can get a distribution of
Lake Kinnereth is operating, close to its report of these results is in his 1970 the "RDR"s in random experiments. By
maximum capacity. If the results of the report, although some aspects, e.g. that relating the RDR actually obtained in the
2nd randomized cloud seeding experi- .of the design, are discussed in greater field experiment to the computer experi-
ment prove successful, the pumping detail in earlier reports and papers, the ments, onecanjudgethestattisticalsignili-
facility will have to be increased, which list of which is too long to quote here. cance of the actual RDR. Such a procedure
means a rather large capital outlay. Here At the outset of the experiment, the is much more 'powerful' than the
is the dilemma: Suppose the statistical Rain Committee approved that the re- aforementioned WMW test, since much
results of the second experiment prove suits of seeding will be assessed by the greater use is made of the data. Additional-
positive and the investment in the en- root-double-ratio (RDR), For an estimate ly, thetestofsignificancerelatesdirectlyto
larged pumping facility is made. Should of the statistical significance of the effect the RDR.
these statistical results prove misleading of seeding, Gabriel proposed the Wilcox- With the aid of the above compute!-
(whether we discover this or not) not on-Mann-Whitney (WMW) non-paramet- randomization experiments Gabriel linds
only is an investment wasted, but poss- ric test. The crossover design was ap- that the RDR for the entire area is 1.153
ibly, a water shortage may be ahead, plied not only to the entirety of the North _+ 0.065 and for the interiors 1.218 +
Alternative water resources must be de- and Center experiment areas, but also to 0.067. The pertinent one-tailed signifi-
veloped to avoid such a shortage, but the their inland sections, somewhat down~ cance levels are, respectively, 0.9% and
country cannot very well afford invest- wind frsm the line of seeding. (In Israel 0.2%. Thus the randomization experi-
ments in different alternatives, the winds on rain days practically always ments indicate highly significant results
If, on the other hand, we do not be- have a westerly component, this is espe- both for the entire and the interior areas.
lieve in the statistical results, or if the cially true for the winds aloft, say, at 950 Nevertheless, some problems remain.
statistical results are negative and' we mb and at heights above it. It will be In addition to the evaluations de-
accept them as such, although in actual recalled that aircraft seeding took place at scribed, Gabriel studied the results using
fact there is an increase through seeding, about cloud-base level which for cumulus a procedure involving "historical" rain
then we shall let the artificially added clouds usually is at 770-800 m, or at data. Moreover, Dalinsky and Wurtele
waters go to waste, since we shall not nearly 900 mb). These inland areas are have studied the data and published re-
have the adequate pumping facilities: referred to under the name "Interiors" or suits of their investigations. Generally,
these waters will flow down to the Dead "interior areas". We anticipated that the the test statistics considered, vary from
Sea and become highly saline (over 20% major effect of seeding, if any, should authoi to author. The results depend to
salinity).' occur at some distance downwind and, some extent on the test statistic, but all
hence, the interior areas should show the the tlflree investigators agree that seeding
Statistical Results of the 1961--67 largest effect. In fact, our estimate is that increased rainfall and the results are
Experiment the major effect of seeding should occur found to be statistically significant or
The statistical results of the 1961-67 roughly half-an-hour after the introduction highly significant.
WATER & IRRIGATION REVIEW
Design of Israeli II Riming - An ice-crystal in a cloud, al- requirement resulted obviously in a re-
duction of the overall positive result of
During this first major experiment only a ways a regular hexagon in shape,
fraction of the catchment area of Lake accumulates water-drops by contact with the experiment, it was considered an
KJnnereth (the "Sea of Galilee" of the the surrounding atmosphere. These efficient way to remove any selection
bias.
New Testament), the principal water re- drops freeze on the crystal. This process, Since any effective statistical design
servoir of Israel's Main Water Carrier is the process of riming which eventualy requires a control area, we had to reserve
could be seeded, the rest of the catch- results in the graupel particle, the (Mediterranean) coastal area of the
ment being in Lebanon and Syria. Be- Graupel - A graupel is an embryonic North for a control area lC). The control
cause of the importance of that catch- raimdrop formed by a heavily-rimed ice-
ment and lake for Israel's water re- crystal to the extent that the ice has lost area had to be to the west of .the target,
as in Israel on all days of rain, the winds
sources, a second major randomized ex- its crystalline s.tructure due to the many at cloud-base level and above, always
periment was launched in 1969: Israeli I1.. drops it has collected. It usually has a have a westerly component, see Fig. 3
The primary aim of Israeli II was to ex- quasi-spherical shape. Since the Israeli experiments applied the
plore the possibility of increasing the rain Author's Note so-called "static seeding techniques", it
over the catchment, a major portion of
was thought that routine observation of
which has become accessible to seeding cloud top heights and temperatures could
since June 1967. As in the first experi- provide daily distributions of these ele-
ment, there were two experiment areas,
North and South. These areas are larger ments to enable us, through stratification
than those of the first experiment. Again analyses to 1) test some of our hypoth-
we used the crossover scheme. Howev- eses with regard to the physics of pre-
er, the design of the second experiment cipitation processes and the effect of
was much more versatile. More subareas seeding on them; 2) break down the
could be compareU and, in particular, overall results in order to detect whether
results for the North could be examined there is some physically systematic set
separately, using control areas whose of results that would provide physical
rainfall is highly correlated with that of plausibility to the .statistical results;
the North, Some of the design features physical plausibility is more vital than
mere statistical significance; and 3) give
were such that we expected to obtain for some indication, perhaps, of the relative
the North, significant and possibly, highly Fig 2. Map showing test areas and location efficiency of cloud seeding on clouds of
significant results, positive or negative, rain gages for Israeli II. Note the line of different propertis.
within a shorter period than the length seeding has moved inalnd relative to Israeli The daily modal values of altitude dis-
(61/2 seasons) of the first experiment, lexperiments, tributions, or the corresponding modal
The Israeli II randomized seeding ex- value of the temperature of cloud top
periment was conducted during the six heights, were used in stratifying the days
winter rainfall seasons of 1969-1975. Its :°~~ into sub-groups of experimental units, in
primary purpose was to examine the pos- ','o ,,, ' order to study the differential effects of
sibility of enhancing rainfall, by static ~~___~, ,,,~,
cloud seeding, ovr the catchment area of ~, ,, , seeding on the various cloud populations.
Lake Kinnereth (LKC) Fig. 2.
The total number of experiment days Data reduction and processing of
was 388, of these 209 days were random- Fig, 2a Rain Gage Chart measurements by recording raingages
ly allocated to seeding, the rest were to Fig. 2a shows a typical chart of a record-
remain unseeded. Allocations were car- lng raingage representing the rainfall on
tied out, at probability of 0.5 in both z 62s~· the 14th of March, 1984. The various rain
cases, in such a manner that they were ~l events on this day are numbered con-
independent from day to day. A table of = ~ soo ,, secutively. The integrated duration of
random allocation of dates, without ~o~' | ! f '" rainfall for all of these 14 rain events is
I '
blocking, for each season, was made 164 minutes and total amount of rainfall
before the beginning of each season by (~.~o~ ~:~ /// ~ precipitated at this statJon of this day is
the project statistician. This list was 14.5 mm. Since most, if not all, rainfall in
known to all involved in the actual opera-
Israel is produced by cumuliform clouds,
tions of the experiment, but not to the ~' ~ the distinction between various rain
rainfall observers of The israeli Meteoro-
:~ =~ f L ~ events is fairly straightforward and rather
logical Service who are totally indepen- ~ simple.
dent of the experiment and therefore, A In the analyses described below, data
can be regarded as "blind" to the seed- ~ oc ~-~ ~ were gathered and processed for all 388
lng operations. However, it should be days of israeli I1. Control rainfall charac-
noted that the experimental design re- °'~'~ i~'~ 2s~ :~?'~ 5o'o' 6~5 teristics have been represented by four
quired that in every case where a day o~sr~n¢[ oow~w~o¢~,~) rain-recording stations and the LKC by six
allocated to seeding was not actually such stations. The details of their area
seeded (e.g. because no suitable clouds Fig. 3 Distance - seeding density role- distribution are shown in Fig. 2. In view
developed, or for any other reason), the tionships of the exceptionally high correlations of
days were counted as seeded. While this ! daily rainfall between stations within any
WATER & IRRIGATION R EVIE"VV ] 5
of the experimental areas and those be- Table 1. Overall mean daily rainfall parameters for the Control and LKC, obtained trom
tween the control and the LKC, and con- recording raingages, on experiment days which were either allocated to
sidering the magnitude of the effort re- seeding or no seeding or allocated and actually seeded. Also given, are the
quired for data reduction for 388 days, it daily mean of rainfall as inferred from daily read raingages.
was felt that a relatively small number of
stations will suffice to provide reliable Mean Seeded Mean Unseeded
daily means of rain properties for the two Parameter LKC Control LKC Control
areas in question, i.e. the Control and the R-Rainfall 8.82 8.36 7.24 857
LKC. As stated above, the LKC was the Recording (10.32) (9.51) (7.24) (8.57)
core target of Israeli tl, it was therefore Raingages
decided to restrict this study to an eva- (mm/24 hours)
luation of the results in the LKC only. D-Duration 2.21 1.58 2.18 1.83
Table 1 gives the daily mean values of (hrs) (2.59) (1.80) (2.18) (1.83)
rainfall (R) in mm, its duration (D) in hours
P.Number of 6.17 6.99 5.61 7.32
and the related number of rain events (P) Rain events (7.20) (7.50) (5.61) (7.32)
in the Control (C) and LKC under condi-
tions of seeding and no seeding. While Rainfall-Daily 8.89 8.30 7.32 8.05
as stated above, the formal results of the Raingages (mm) (10.39) (9.54) (7.32) (8.05)
Israeli experiments can and should refer (mm/24 hours)
only to days allocated to seeding, inde- Number of 209 209 179 179
pendently of whether the clouds on Experiment (174) (174) (179) (179)
these days were seeded or not, we in- days
cluded in Table 1 the means of these
three parameters also on days allocated
to seeding and actually seeded. These Table 2 Double Ratios (DR) equation (1), standard errors (SE) and randomization
latter values appear in parentheses in the significances pertaining to all three rain parameters of the LKC with C. The
table. For the sake of comparison the numbers in parentheses refer to days allocated to seeding and actually
daily means of rainfall, as obtained from a seeded.
much larger number of stations having
only daily read raingages, are also given
in Table 1. As can be easily seen, the
difference between them and those PARAMETER MEAN SEEDED ~EAN UNSEEDED DR/SE RANDOMIZATION
obtained from' the rec.ording raingage CON- CONTROL SIGNIFICANCE
data, are really quite minute. LKC TROL LKC LEVEL %
R-Rainfall 8.82 8.36 7.24 8.57 1.25/(0.0.9J 0.6
The significance of the observed DR (mm/24hrs) (10.32) (9.51) (7.24) (8.57) (1.28)~(0.10) (0.1)
was estimated by the percentage of D-Duration 2.21 1.58 2.18 1.83 1.18/(0.08) 1.8
cases in which the computer permutation (hfs/24 hrs) (2.59) (1.80) (2.18) (1.83) (1.2t~/(0.09) (0.4)
experiments gave a DR equal to or grea-
ter than that observed in the actual seed- P-No of Rain 6.17 6.99 5.60 7.32 1.15/(0.16) 17.7
lng experiments. It is seen from Table 2 Periods (7.20) (7.50) (5.60) (7.32) (1.25)/(0.18) (8.1)
that the excess of the DR over 1, in the
case of Rainfall and Duration is at least
twice as large as the SE. This difference possible growth of precipitation ele- of falling through the updrafts in clouds
is also reflected in the significance levels, mentso is of crucial importance. Crystal with tops which are not much higher
The effect of seeding on the total daily growth by deposition, followed by than the -10°C isotherm, i.e., - 12°C. If,
mean number of rain events, though graupel formation, by accretion and the however, the clouds are deeper, to in-
positive, does not seem to be significant, subsequent growth of the latter by rim* clude the-15°C rapid growth domain, the
The levels of significance, Table 2, of the lng, provide the most suitable, and prob- crystals forming naturally at -- 10°C are
effect of seeding in the LKC on both the ably th.e only, vital mechanism for pre- rendered large enough to survive eva-
daily recorded rainfall, (about 25%) and cipitation formation. Since the onset of poration at the tops of these taller clouds
riming requires that the ice crystals and subsequently to reach the ground as
on the mean daily duration of rain, (about
18%), are highly significant, at the levels should attain some minimum size before noticeable rain. We have, therefore, sug-
they become able to collect cloud drops gested in our earlier papers that static.
of 0.6% and 1.8% respectively. (which also must exceed some minimum seeding (as practiced by us), of winter
The question why the apparent positive size to be collected), and since ice-crystal continental cumulus clouds, could initiate
effect of seeding on the overall daily growth is a non-linear function of temper- rain in clouds that otherwise would not
mean number of rain events does not
ature with the major, rapid growth do- have precipitated, i.e., clouds with tops
appear to be statistically significant, will
main occurring at about - 15°C, the time warmer than about - 10°C to - 15°C. This
be dealt with in the following section.
and growth rates available for growth of can be realized by the formation of ice
the vew small numbers of naturally crystals, at lower elevations in the
Stratification of the data by cloud top occurring ice crystals, i.e., crystals nucle- clouds, where the temperature is close
temperatures ated at about - 10°C, are insufficient to to - 5°C; the threshold of activation of
In winter cumulus clouds, such as we render them large enough so that they Agl. Thus, seeding with Agl will form ice
have in Israel, the time element for the become precipitation elements capable crystals which will enjoy additional
WATER & IRRIGATION REVIEW
Fig. 1. Research aircraft over clouds on Fig. 2. Rimed' ice crYstal collected in the ~'- ·
seeding and research mission, cloud during a research flight. Around the
crYstal, cloud drops can be seen as they
growth conditions and will hence reach exist before collection by other ice crystals. · ~ '* '
graupel sizes that will finally reach the
ground as rain. in suggesting this, we
have recognized that such an effect will . .'~'~
contribute relatively less' to the total Fig. 3. (above) A graupel particle resulting
possible increase in rainfall, than can be from intensive collection by cloud drops.
achieved by seeding the bigger clouds, (below) An ice crytal surrounded by cloud
since such shallow clouds precipitate dro. ps.
less than the deeper and colder clouds, seeding were found to be either nil or
We have therefo¢e, also suggested that ~"' insignificant.
static seeding could be particularly effec- ' ~ The overall effect of seeding on the
live in clouds which are colder than - . Fig. 4 A sequence of photos showing the
growth stages of a treated cloud, after daily duration-of rain was an increase of
15°C, which already contain some natur- heavy seeding, over Israel's Negev desert. 18%, significant at the 1.8% level. In the
ally grown graupels, either by forming a) Cloud before treatment as seen from group of days when the clouds are more
additional eady grown graupels, or by research aircraft, amenable to seeding, i.e., when the mod-
increasing the already existing numbers · ' = .... I al cloud-top temperatures are either in
enjoy the dendritic growth domain of - 21°C, t. he effects are larger and more
. ' '"" significant. Then, the positive correspond-
about - 15°C to - 20°C. Our calculations
have further shown that clouds with tops lng effects on the daily duration of rain
are 53% and 47%· These effects are
cOlder than - 20°C are less amenable to ~'?~i .... -i'%i''~ .... '.?'-'".'. significant at the levels of 0.1% and 0.2%
rather efficient manner by which they ~{~ii?i~i.'~!i.i; ' ~'''':' correspondingly. Here again the same
naturally produce precipitation elements, b) Same cloud 8 minutes after treatment, pattern of the breakdown of the results,
in numbers and sizes such that their rate Cloud growing intensively. Cap cloud form- as for the daily rainfall, is repeated; on
of water consumption as they grow, ex- lng over top of treated cloud indicative of a days when the clouds are either warmer
ceeds the rate of condensate formation strong vertical development, than - 10°C or colder than - 21°C, the
at these higher and colder elevations, effects are not significant or nil.
These postulates have been corroborated
by an overall analysis of daily rainfall data, We therefore tend to draw the conclu:
obtained from a network of daily measur- sion that, while an overall increase in
lng stations. In this study, days have daily rainfall in the LKC of 25% is brought
been classified according to the modal . .., about, partially, by an increase in rain
value of the.daily distribution of cloud-top r : ';';'"~i~~' duration of 18%, in the more amenable
temperatures. This stratification of the ~.~,~,: ~..,. clouds (those with modal cloud-top
daia, revealed a rather systematic be- c) ClOud reaches maximum height (1.,5 km temperatures of - 15°C to - 21°C), per-
haviour of the results; for the group of above pre-treatment height) 13 minutes al- centage increases in rainfall are brought
days with modal cloud-top temperatures ter dosage commenced. Cloud top a~vis about by the same per cent increase in
within the raqge of - 15°C to - 20°C, the off with apparent total glaciation, the duration of daily rainfall, i.e., 53%
results indi(~aied a maximal positive ~'~' increase in rainfall is obtained by 53%
effect under seeding of about 46% '.',~,}.¢~,i.'~'?. increase in duration, or a 45% increase in
(DR:1.46) significant at the 0.5% level. , '.-..".~! .~,_, rainfall is affected by a 47% increase in ..
Extension of the group of days, to include . '~ rI ' ' ': ' '' '. duration respectively.
all days in which the modal value of ~ ' ~ '"''"';'" ' ...... While the overall effect of seeding is
~;iiili[~~ suggestive of a possible positive effect
cloud-top temperature was between - · ~ '' ".?~" on the number of rain periods of the
ll°C to - 21°C, resulted in an apparent
increase due to seeding of 29% signi~i- , ,,a,, r¢-,,, order of 15% the significance level of this
cant at the 0.8'% level. On the other days d) Treated cloud fully developed. Heavy, result is fairly Iow. i.e., 17.7%, to the
rain falling from cloud base (not visible in
when the modal values of cloud-top picture but detected by aircraft radar), extent that it casts serious doubts on
temperatures were either warmer than - · Glaciated top producing ice crYstal shower whether there is an overall effect at all.
10°C or colder than :- 2~°C, the effects of which subse~uentllf seed lower cloud. However, the only days on which there
was a significant effect of seeding on the The DR has, prctically, a value of unity Thus, again the statistical results per-
number of rain periods, are those which and the significance tests suggest incon- raining to the area distribution of the
are characterised by modal cloud-top dusiveness, effect of seeding, are physically p~ausib~e,
temperatures warmer than - 15°C or in that they reflect the diffusion pattern
-11°C. The DRs in these two sub-groups The Effect of Dispersion of Seeding of the seeding materials produced by a
of the data, are 2.19 and 2.72, indicative Material on Target Area Rainfall seeding technique aimed at producing
of increases of 119% and 172% in the "Static" cloud seeding as a technique for atatic effects in clouds in that area.
number of rain periods, significant at the inducing microphysical effects aimed at
1.7% and 4.8% levels respectively. Since rainfall increases, calls for the introduc- Concluding Remarks-"Static" Mode
as stated above, every rain period, or tion in the treated clouds, of moderate Seeding
event, is indicative of the passage of a ice crystal concentration which should The present study constitutes another
rain cloud, over the rain recording station, be, optimally, of the order of 10 - 30 per confirmation of the results of Israeli II,
these results confirm very strongly, the liter, depending on the properties of tre- with regard to the effect of seeding in
postulate regarding the effect of "static" ated clouds. The delivery of the seeding the LKC, as it is based on a totally
seeding in the initiation of rain in clouds material and its subsequent transport, independent data set of rainfall measure-
that are on the verge of producing rain, must therefore be designed to produce ments. Its main contribution to the accep-
i.e., with tops warmer, than - 11°C to such requ!red concentrations at the time tability of the results of this experiment,
- 15°C, and yet they cannot precipitate and place in the clouds as specified by is that it provides an additional compo-
..naturally as they are deficient in ice crys- the above mentioned physical hypoth- nent to the already accumulated evi~
tals capable of growing to the size of eses. dence pointing out the physical plausibil-
graupel particles. Thus, the introduction In both Israeli I and II, cloud seeding ity of the statistical findings of both Israeli
of seeding agents, having nucleation was performed by broadcast, air-borne I and II. The verification of the basic
threshold temperatures of about- 5° to- patrol seeding at cloud bass altitudes working assumptions outlined at the out-
8°C, i.e., Agl particles which become along lines up wind of the target areas, set of the Israeli rainfall enhancement
activated earlier and at lower elevations Fig. 3 displays the transport and disper- experiments (namely, that static seeding
in the clouds, will result in the formation sion .pattern under typical wind condi- will enhance rainfall either by making the
of graupel particles and hence result-in tions, as calculated by assuming that the already existing rain mechanisms more
rain, which will reach the ground from seeding aircraft are moving point effective, or by the initiation of rain in
clouds that otherwise would not have sources, represented by short line seg- clouds that otherwise would not have
precipitated naturally. The fact that in ments of equal length, emitting plumes, precipitated), adds more strength to sta-
clouds with colder temperatures' this As can be seen, the areas between 20 tistical results indicating significant over-
effect is non-existent, is obviously due to km to 50 km are exposed, to concentra- all rainfall increases. It also confirms the
the ability of these cloudsto initiate rain tion over 10 lit - ~ of'Agl particles active two basic postulates, forming the basis
by virtue of their greater depths as dis- at - 15°C, for more than 50° of the time. for the theory of "static" cloud, seeding:
cussed above. Other areas either close to or further the production of microphysical effects in
away from this area of maximum effect, continental clouds, which characteristical-
seem to have significantly reduced expo- ly are stable colloidal entities, and the ice
In conclusion, it therefore can be
sures to such concentrations. It should crystal-riming graupel processes as a
stated that static seeding is capable of be recognized, however, that while this necessary condition for rain formation.
initiating rain in shallower cl,ouds with method does not affect the whole target
tops warmer than - 11°C to - 15° and is area uniformly, it has the great advantage
also effective in increasing rain from of providing more time for the dispersal
clouds with intermediate summit temper- and dilution required for "static" effects, "Dynamic" Seeding: Florida Area
atures of- 15°C to- 21°C, primarily by to take place in the free atmosphere, Cumulus Expriment
increasing their duration as precipitating prior to activation of Agl particles in the The Florida Area Cumulus Experiment
entities. An interesting question, from clouds. (FACE) was a two-stage program to in-
both the cloud physics and hydrological One of the salient results of both of the vestigate the potential of -seeding for
points of view, is the effect of seeding on Israeli experiments, is the detection of dynamic effects for enhancing convective
the daily means of rainfall intensity. In area of maximum rainfall increases, rainfall in a fixed target area in South
order to be able to respond to this ques- under seeding, at a distance of about 20 Florida. The first stage, or exploratory
tion, there is a need to do the reduction km to 50 km downwind from the line of phase, (FACE - 1, 1970-1976) p~'oduced
of intensity of each. rain event directly seeding, substantial indication of increased rainfall
from the charts of the recording raing- in the target area. The second, or con-
ages. This is a tricky and impossible task, While in Israeli I seeding offshore re- firmatory phase, (FACE - 2, 1978-1980)
as it can result in large inaccuracies due suited in an increase of about 24%, at did not confirm the results of FACE - 1;
to the inability to measure the slope of distances of. 20km to 50km downwind although, it also produced indications of a
the curve delineating the accumulation of from this westerly line, in Israeli II the possible seeding effect.
rainfall on the chart, shift in the line of seeding eastwards, The FACE- 2 program was designed
A rough approximation of the esti- inland aimed at affecting the more east- to have an ambitious exploratory compo-
mated effect of seeding on "rain intensi- ern catchment area of Lake Kinnereth, nent, in order to obtain better physical
ty" used daily averages of the ratio of resulted in a corresponding shift of the insights as to the effect of seeding. A
daily recorded rainfall divided by the daily area of maximum effect eastward by a major component of tee FACE - 2 ex-
duration of rain. this showed that "rainfall distance comparable to the shift of the ploratory studies is the volume scan.radar
intensity", according to the above defini- line of seeding. Inzhis area an increase of program. The radar-volume-scan (RVS)
tion, has not been affected by seeding. 18% was recorded, technique was developed specifically for
18 . ,- WATER& IRRIGATION REVIE'~N
these studies. The major objective of this As defined by the above mentoned
study was to provide a more detailed procedure, a cell corresponds to a pre- , .........
scientific basis to the theory of rainfall cipitation area with a distinct maximum. . ...si~;';:.
enhancement by seeding for dynamic These precipitation areas very often cor- . .....~:~,:...'i-;
effects. The basic tenet of dynamic seed- respond to distinct height features in the ~ .~""~:~..~..' '
· ... r_,, ~.-:,...,
lng is that the production of a taller cloud echo-top height maps. Echoes larger than' ..,..~. -,...,.. ,..,..; .
results in more rainfall. While previous about 100km2 in area, tend to have two
studies have all shown that deeper con- or more reflectivity and height peaks. '"'; '""""
· -
vective cells produce more rain, FACE - This characteristic has been observed ; .
2 Study was aimed at demonstrating that since the days of the Thunderstorm Pro-
the larger rain volumes precipitated by ject in Florida and elsewhere, and seems
dee~er convective cells are due to the to be a general property of convective
larger area, longer'rain duration and stroh- systems. These peaks are associated Fig 4. Effect of cloud height on rainfall
get rain rates of these ceils, with echo regions that can be tracked volume-unseeded days
back and forth and can be seen to form,
Methodology of Radar Volume Scan reach a maximum reflectivity, decay
Observations: and eventually dissipate with life cycles
The determination of the relationship be- generally independent of each other.
tween the vertical dimension of convec- They also retain their relative positions ,~ J- ~ .'~.~;~..~.~:~.,
live cells and their other basic properties .among themselves and their general con- ~ .:~.~.'"?~'~-'~' ' '.'
such as area, intensity, and duration' re- figurations from one time period to the ,~- .- ~....~-.~;".:.-; ·
quires the collection of extensive next, Once a convective cell, definable by
.:. ,~-~.-~ .. ·
observations of cell characteristics, such its surface properties as a rain cell, was
-
as can be obtained by radar volume scan- identified and tracked throughout its life-
nine techniques, and the use of suitable time, the volume scan data were used to
analysis, procedures capable of tracking provide the maximum vertical dimension
these cells throughout their lifetime. Diet- (H max) as well as its time-height history.
tized radar with adequate data recording In addition, the Iow-level scan radar pro- Fig.5 Effect of cloud height or, rainfall
facilities are required for data collection vided the maximum and lifetime prop- volume-seeded days.
and high speed, large memory, compu- erties of the rain cell such as its tristan-
ters are needed for its subsequent taneous and maximum area (A and Amax)
analysis, the corresponding values of reflectivity (Z
The studies were carried out in South and Zc.a,) and cell duration (DUR). The
Florida within the framework of the re- rainfall values R were calculated from the rating areas, rain rates and rain durations.
search conducted in FACE and were per- FACE Z-R relationship (Z = 300 RTM) and Figs 4 and 5 display, for example, the
formed by the use of two different but these were then used to compute the regressions pertaining to the rela-
virtually collocated radar systems. The other integrative properties of the cells, .tionships between the maximum heights
first was a WSR - 57 S - Band radar such as the rainfall volume rate (RVR) and and the total rain volumes precipitated by
operated by the National Hurricane Cen- the total rain volume (RV). seeded and unseeded convective rain-
ter, and the second was an MPS - 4 C - cells. As can be seen, a twofold change
Band radar operated by the University of in maximum cell height corresponds to a
Miami. The latter C- Band radar provided roughly a factor of ten increase in total
the volume scan data while the former S rain volume for both types of clouds.
- Band radar provided the surface rainfall Regression Analyses of the Data: In general terms these results confirm,
characteristics from IowJevel scans. A total number of 349 "natural" un- rather comprehensively, the basic tenet'
A set of computer programs was de- seeded convective cells have been stu- of the theory of rainfall sugmentation by
veloped to identify echoes and the cells died and tracked during the months ot cloud seeding, aimec~ at producing "dyna-
within them, and to track, the cells July and August, 1979, throughout their mic"effects.
throughout their lifetimes. In general entire lifetimes. The cells were all located Having described the natural rela-
terms, an echo is isolated by determining at distances of between 60 km to 100 tionship between cell depth and the
a set of contiguous grid elements con- km from the radar site during their whole above cell properties in a set of power
raining a radar return above the threshold existence, laws, it was then possible to investigate
for noise. It is then inspected for radar Regression analyses have been applied whether seeding aifects cell properties,
reflectivity maxima. These maxima are to this data, in an attempt to relate the and whether these alterations are pro-
identified and labeled as centers of cells, various above mentioned maximum life- duced by changing the basic natural rela-
The total echo area is then divided into time and integrative properties, of these tionships between cell depth and these
the different cells along the lines of mini- ceils, to the maximum vertical extent other cell properties.
mum reflectivity between the peaks. Grid attained by these cells during their exist-
elements that fall on those lines are ence. The Data and Description of the
assigned to the cell whose peak is A set of highly correlated relationships Analytical Approach:
closest. On rare occasions the peaks are which are characterised by a correspond- The results and data base for the present
embedded in a matrix of uniform but 'lng set of power laws, was found to summary, came from a study performed
lower reflectivity. In these cases the dj- suggest that indeed, taller convective during a total number of 21 days for
viding line is drawn midway between the raincells produced larger total, rainfall which both radars were operative to yield
refectivity maxima, i volumes, by virtue of their larger precipi- echo volume and surface reflectivity data.
WATER & IRRIGATION RE'VlE~/ . ,. 19
Four of these days were observed during clouds were selected for treatment, it Discussion of the Results:
the 1979 field season, and the other 17 would be natural tO assume that they are This evidence is strongly supportive of
days were from the 1980 field seasoh, biased (whether treated with Agl or sand) dynamic seeding concepts as applied to
Unfortunately, all other FACE - 2 days with respect to all other untreated ndividual convective cells. As stated re-
could not qualify for this study because clouds, which were not selected for aeatedly throughout FACE and as refilled
of technical difficulties either in recording treatment, either because they did not by Gagin et al, 1984, the height of a
the data or in the operation of the MPS-4 qualify, or because the limited number of convective cell is a predictor of its other
radar. Out of the 21 days, only 3 days seeding aircraft could not cope with all gross rainfall properties and by manipulat-
enter the category of "A" days; (less available treatable clouds. Nevertheless, lng cell height, one can reasonably ex-
than 60 flares expended due to poor untreated cells can be used as internal pect to manipulate cell rainfall area, in-
weather conditions)the rest fall in the controls as a means of reducing the tensity and duration and, hence, total cell
category of °'B" days (more than 60 day-to-day variability or bias. Thus, if one rain volume. This summary suggests that
flares expended). Only category "B" days could guarantee that on all da~/s, relative- by seeding with large amounts of nuc-
were used in this study, ly equal proportions of treated and untre- leant early in the life cycle of Florida-type
A total of 2.369 convective cells be- ated control cells could be selected rain cells, it is possible to increase their
tween 60km and 100km from the radar then the statistical Double Ratio (DR) heights by an average of 20% and their
have been studied on those 18 "B" days; estimate of seeding effect could be utiz- rain volumes by an average of over 100%
2069 cells were found to be untreated lized to compensate for this bias. as a consequence. This result is strongly
and 300 cells were treated with either If DR exceeds the value of one, it supportive of the early single cloud stu-
Agl or sand (placebo) flares. This relative- would be an estimate of the effect of dies reported by Simpson and Woodle~
ly small number of treated cells is due to seeding on the particular parame.ter (1971), in.Elorida. Strong eveidence.has
the narrow annulus (i.e. 60kin to 100 km) under study. Again, it must be empha- been presented that seeding effects are
in which cells were studied, and to the sized that the DR estimate can be used limited to the cells that that were treated
strict criteria for seeding which were ap.- only if DR equation compensates fully for early in their lifetimes. This result can be
plied during the experimentation. In any the bias introduced by the selection of explained by microphysical studies in
case, since this study is dealing with the the cloud and if the sample size is repre- Florida, that indicate that individual cells
effects of seeding on single cells, (the sentative of the four group,s, the use of remain suitable (i.e. high water contents
experimental unit), the numbers quoted the DR can be applied of course, on any and strong updrafts) for only a shod time.
above seem to ensure a sufficiently subset of the total data base. It was used In view of the criticality of the timing of
acceptable data base. primarily for an overall estimate of the seeding, treatment of a broad tower with
seeding effect per cloud by pooling all a small number of flares is not likely to be
Once the seeding decisions were days together and subsequently sub~i- effective, because the time necessary to
known, all clouds were stratified into four
different groups: viding the total cloud population into four diffuse the nucleant throughout the tow-
groups as described above, er, may well exceed the period of time
(i) Clouds that had been treated with In addition to the use of the Double during which the tower is suitable.
at least one Agl flare during their Ratio, use was made of the Single Ratio
lifetimes (TAgl) (SR), for the estimation of Agl treatment. A last matter of importance is the
(ii) Clouds that had not been treated Obviously SR lacks the compensation for question of whether the control clouds in
on days when Agl seeding was day-to-day variations if they occur. It is the vicinity of the Agl-treated clouds
applied (CAgl) therefore limited by the assumption that, were suppressed by the invigorated
(iii) Clouds that had been treated with in the long run, if seeding had no effect, seeded clouds. The data suggest that
at least one of the sand (placebo) SR should have attained the value of this might well have been the case, since
flares during their lifetimes unity, the control cells on the Agl days were
(Tsand) weaker and less rain-productive than th~
(iv) Clouds that had not been treated comparable control clouds on the sand
on days when placebo flares had days. Here again, however, one cannot
been employed (Csand) be certain that this control cloud disparity
Special, stringen~ criteria were applied Results: was not produced by natural causes. In
to the potential control cells in order to The relationships between the maximum other words, the luck of the draw might
qualify them for inclusion in the study. An vertical dimensions of the cells and their have dictated wetter sand says. Fortu-
acceptable, untreated control cell is other lifetime properties for both Agl - nately, this is a noJose situation for those
either one that forms within 20km of the and Sand-treated days are not only well arguing for an effect of Agl seeding.
center of the treated cell, and 30 mi- correlated, but the Agl and sand rela- Accept'ance of the argument that. Agl
nutes before or after its initial seeding, or tionships are practically the same. seeding suppressed the nearby control
one that forms anytime at least 20km The similarity of the sand and Agl re- clouds, is also acceptance of an effect of
from the center of the treated cell. De- gressions for all cell properties have two seeding. Acceptance of the argument
spite these selection criteria, it was possible interpretations: that the draw favoured the sand-treated
noted that the daily mean properties of all (1) There is no effect of Agl treat- days, ~s also acceptance of an effect of
control cell properties were correlated merit seeding, since its magnitude is increased
with the corresponding properties of the (2) There may be an effect of Agl when accounting for the natural biases.
treated ceils on the sand-treated days. treatment which results in taller
This provides justification for the use of clouds that behave as taller natu- Concluding Remarks-"Dvnemic"
the control cells in the evaluation to be tel clouds, or, in other words, the Mode Seeding
described below, effect of see.ding may be to move The findings of the above quoted recent
Taking note of the fact that the treated the points upwards studies suggest that Agl-seeding in FACE
WATER & IRRIGATION REVIEW
- 2 affected the properties of the treated c~.,, ,..v,~,,~,~,,;,,,,_~,,..,,o,,,o,,
convective cells and the resulting total ,.. : ~,r '=, '::, ;4 .....o.o,,~,,,.,
rainfalls and that the changes in these ,,,, ~-~ ......... -'
properties were predicted from the ,0-. ~ . ,,~'~
changes in cell height following seeding. .~ ,, ,....
The effect of seeding appears to be ] ' '"'
strongest for cells treated early in their .~ ,0-.
life cycle, with a substantial amount of :~. ~' - ,/ ." '
Agl (i.e. more than 660g). Seeding'~ ,~,! ~" ,//' -
effecis of 20% increases in cell height I _ // _
and over '100% increases in cell rain .i . ,; .. -,/~'i}~ -
volume are indicated. These substantial !Fig. $ Mass of ice particles as a function of
effects have been found to be probably [height and temperature in a cumulus cloud.
associated with a parallel suppressive Each curve represents an altitude varying!
between 10,000 ft on the right to 20,000 tt I /"/? s ~.1'~i~ .......
effect on adajacent clouds as a result of on the left. ',? 0.-2.5 ............. '
dynamic compensating processes result-
lng from the enhanced growth of the enhanced by seeding)of ice crystals.
treated convective cells. For an efficient initiation of precipita- ~-c
Direct experimental evidence is now in lion in supercooled clouds, ice crystals Fig 7 Temperature-height relationship for
existence which confirms the basic tenet should in these clouds: groups of days with different rainfall
of the technique of rainfall enhancement ti) Exist in sufficient concentrations; volumes. Z: altitude.
by cloud seeding for "dynamic" effects. (ii) Enjoy conditions that will make
This evidence substantiates the hypoth-, them grow to the sizes of pre- the cloud on ice nuclei. Assuming an
eses that if seeding could increase cloud cipitation elements within the life- average updraft velocity of 5 m sec -
depth, then the corresponding properties times of the clouds, and a cloud lifetime of 3,600 sec, a total
of the deeper, clouds, namely their in- in regard to ti), ice-crystal formation in volume of about 4.5 times the cloud
tensity, area and duration of rainfall, will natural supercooled clouds has long been volume (the cloud being 4 km deep) will
be such that they will precipitate larger attributed to heterogeneous nucleation be "filtered". It is suggested, therefore.
total rain volumes. The above mentioned by ice-forming nuclei. The common that this effect may account for at least a
components, contributing to the total assumption underlying cloud-seeding part of the above mentioned discrepan-
rainfall volume precipitated by convective techniques relies, for its affectiveness cies.
rain cells, have a dependence on cloud upon a deficiency of. ice particles in the The results pertaining to the growth of
depth in a manner thai can be described clouds resulting from a corresponding solid precipitation elements in such
by a set of power laws. The combined lack of active atmospheric ice nuclei. Un- cumulus clouds are summed up below as
effect of the dependence of these con- iii recently surprisingly little was known follows:
vective rain cell properties on a cloud about the variation with temperature of ti) The contribution of ice-crystal
depth, is also manifested in a power law ~ce-crystal concentrations in clouds. Stu- growth by sublimation in the
relationship which relates a tenfold in- dies show that quite frequently ice-crys- temperature interval - 5°C to
crease in total rain volume, to a twofold tal concentrations in maritime clouds may - 12°C to the total mass of the
change in cloud depth, exceed those of ice nuclei by factors of precipitation elements is neg-
the order of 10~-30~. Cases have also ligible.
The Role of the Ice Phase in been reported in which the existence of a (ii) Due to the very rapid growth at
Rain-Bearing Cumulus Clouds .good correspondence between ice-crys- around - 14°C, and the dominant
In view of the lower vapor pressure of ice iai and ice-nuclei concentrations has influence of riming, it seems tm-
compared with supercooled water at the been detected, material whether nucleation takes
same temperature, it was suggested, as Furthermore, researchers have re- place at - 5°C - 10°C or even
early as 1935, that ice crystals will grow ported very rapid glaciation rates in marl- -12°C. The resultant mass at
to the size of precipitation elements time-type cumulus clouds at relatively -20°C will be practically the same.
much faster than water drops, In fact, it Warm temperatures e. g, a glaciation rate (iii) The occurrence of riming on
was thought, at the time, that ice crystals of about one order of magnitude in- quasi-spherica~ graupel, which is
are responsible, in general, for the forma- crease, in concentration, every 8 mi- critically necessary for e~ficient
lion of precipitation. Although the latter nutes, and even rates of about three and fast precipitation formation,
statement is no longer held true, the orders of magnitude increase in 5 mi~ requires dendritic growth at the
alternalive rain-formation mechanism, viz. nutes. Consecutive penetrations in our -14°C zone.
the collision-coalescence process seems clouds, up to four in a row, have not (iv) For an efficient natural process of
to be ineffective in our cumulus clouds revealed any systematic variation with shower formation in cumulus
and, very probably, in all continental-type time of ice-crystal concentrations. There clouds, the tops of the cumulus
cumulus clouds We tend to conclude, are, however, discrepancies, especially in clouds must attain the following
therefore, that the ice-crystal mechanism the temperature range of - 14°C to - minimum heights: 17.5, ~9. 19.6
is an essential step in the generation of 20°C, in which, on the average, our ice- thousands of feet for a liquid-wa-
rain in local clouds. Since our seeding crystal concentrations exceed those of ter content of ~.2 gm-:~ in the
techniques are aimed at creating ice crys- the average ice-nuclei concentrations by riming zone for the respective
tals, it is approoriate to study the effects about a factor of 5. Such differences may three rainfall intensity groups plot-
produced by the increased concentration be the result of the "filtering" effect of ted in Fig. 6 and the top of Fig. 7.
WATER & IRRIGATION REVIEW
These calculations are based on the come active at the Iow temperature in cloud seeding as suggested also by the
criterion that solid precipitation elements question, so that the addition of artificial significance of the positive elfects of
must have a fall velocity of about 1 nuclei to these cold tops would serve no seeding, obtained by statistical analyses.
msec-~ in the vicinity of cloud tops for useful purpose. Judging (a) by our The above conclusions imply that seed-
efficient shower iormalion. Actually a fall measurements of the concentration of lng can produce on any one day large
velocity of 1.1 msec-~ has been adopted raindrops; average 0.14 lit-~ Inever ex- differential effects wh!ch depend mainly
in the present study, ceeding the value of 0.6 lit.-~), and (b) on the specific nature of cloud-top height
the definite scarcity of ice crystals in and temperature distributions.
Conclusion clouds warmer than - 12°C, it appears It also appears that, when 'evaluating
(i) The high colloidal stability of the local that, frequently, conditions exist when the possible effects of seeding on a
cont'inental cumulus clouds, indicated by natural processes will not provide the geographical basis, a belier understand-
the narrowness of the cloud-droplet radii required concentrations ot ice crystals lng of the results and prospects ot cloud
spectra and the apparent inefficiency of needed for idealgrowthconditions, seeding may be achieved only if an
the collision-coalescence mechanism at (iv) Once cumulus clouds build up in an adequate effort will be invested into stu-
the droplet sizes involved, suggests that atmosphere deficient ol suitable nuclei, dies of a physical nature which may pro-
ice crystals are essential for the forma- they must attain for shower formation a vide the basis to the statistical analyses.
tion of precipitation in these clouds. This vertical extent such that their tops are The key to the improvement and opti-
and the absence of ice-crystal, multiplying colder than - 35°C. In [act, in order to be mization of our seeding techniques is to
mechamsms provide a physical basis for favorably affected by Agl seeding, they be found only in a clear physical recogni-
seeding clouds in Israel with artifical ice must have at their tops temperatures lion of cloud-seedincj opportunities. Sta-
nuclei, around - 16°C (lot clouds with a liquid- tistics can be used then only to test
(ii) The clear correspondence between water content of 1-2 gm-3 which appear working hypotheses which are physically
ice-crystal and ice-nuclei concentrations to be typical for Israel). The dependence, sound.
suggests that often conditions exist of daily precipitation amounts on temper-
where supercooled clouds are deficient atures is probably due to the tact that the References:
of such concentrations of ice crystals that colder the atmosphere, the lower is the E.G. Bowen - Cloud Seeding - Science
are necessary for promoting an efficient altitude of the - 14°C level. Since as and the New Nations. Basic Books..196'1
rain-forming process. The discriminant stated above, cloud-base temperatures
function analysis indicates that ice nuclei were found to be practically the same on K.R. Gabriell Israeli rain-making expert-
have a marked influence on the initiation all rainy days, the likelihood of precipita- merit: Final statistical tables. Hebrew
of precipitation, lion formation in clouds having their tops University '1970
(iii) Because of the rapid growth of ice at one a~nd the same altitude is greater A.G. Barnstonm, Woodley and Flueck -
crystals at a temperature of about - 14°C, for clouds forming on cold days. The Florida Area Cumulus Experiments -
it does not seem necessary to use cloud- (v) The authors believe, that the above second phase (FACE 2) Jnl Clim. Appl.
seeding agents which produce nucleation conclusions, together with the observed Met. '1983
at a relatively high temperature. On the natfire of local cumulus cloud-top height
other hand, at temperatures below-20°C and temperature distibutions (having R.E. Lopez - Internal structure of C-scale
the atmosphere in this country appears modal values of 5,450 m or .18,000 ft and aggregates of cumulus clouds. Mon.
to have sufficient natural nuclei that be- - 20°C), provide a satisfactory basis for Wea. Rev. 1978.
In the next issue (July 1985) of
WA TER AND. IRRIGATION REVIEW
* Acid Rain - the latest ~uroPean thinking
* Cotton Growing and Infrared Photography
* Care of Drop Systems
* Profitable Sheep Farming Methods in the Desert and lots more
Subscribe NOW
and make SURE of YO UR copy
Fill in the subscription form attached to this issue.
Water and Irrigation Review April 1985
WATER & IRRIGATION REVIEVV
22
i NORTH KERN WATER STORAGE DISTRICT
1415 - 18th STREET. ROOM 705
BOX 1195 .'~E ~.~
, .AKERS~,ELO. CAL,.OR.,A93302 C E I V
i (805l 325-3116
September ~6, ~s SEP; 7~85
CITY OF ~AKERSFIELD
Cummunitv
Mr. Harold
Buena V~sta ~ater ~toraee O~s[r~ct
" ........ '~x Mr. Gil Castle
gem Delta Nater District
Mr, Gene Bogart
City oF BakersField
RE~ 1985-86 NEATHER MODIFICATION PROGRAM
Gentlemen~
Attached For your revie~ is a draft agreement For the
subject activity m±th Atmospherics Inc. mhich is pursuant to
our discussion last Thursday. IF you Find it in order, mould
you so ind.±cate on the copy oF the duplicate letter and return
to me For my ~iles. Upon thls contract beln9 executed, me
send you a copy For your Files.
Very truly yours,
C, H,
En9ineer-Mana9er
CHN~ak
Enclosure~ DraFt Agreement
We agree to be a ~5% participant to the 1985-86 Kern River
Weather Modification Rrogram.
Entity
By
Date
CONTRACT TO CARRY OUT AND SUPERVISE
KERN RIVER WEATHER MODIFICATION PROGRAM
This contract entered into this day of October 1985, by and between
the NORTH KERN WATER STORAGE DISTRICT, a Water Storage District organized and
existing under and by virtue of Division 14 of the California Water Code,
hereinafter ref. erred to as the "District", and ATMOSPHERICS INCORPORATED, a
California corporation, hereinafter referred to as the "Contractor"
W ITNESSETH :
WHEREAS, the Department of Water Resources, State of California, has
issued to the District a permit for Weather Resource Management (hereinafter
referred to as the "permit"), dated July 2, 1980 (permit #11), which authorizes
the District to conduct a Weather Resource Management Program (hereinafter
referred to as the "Program"); and
WHEREAS, the Contractor has on its staff weather resource management
licensees and other professionals necessary to carry out and supervise the
Program and has at its disposal equipment to carry out the Program.
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS AGREED as follows:
1. Contractor shall engage in artificial cloud nucleation operations
during the term of'this contract, within the target area identified by and
consistent with the INITIAL STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF KERN RIVER WEATHER
MODIFICATION PROGRAM and the above referenced permit.. The purpose of this cloud
necleation operation is to increase precipitation within the target area.
2. The term of this contract shall cover one seasonal operational period
and shall commence November 1, 1985 and end April 30, 1986 unless mutually
extended.
3. The Contractor shall furnish and have available for use during the
operational period the following equipment and personnel:
a. The Contractor agrees to have available on a 24 hour-a-day
7-day-per-week basis the services of a competent staff to furnish
full meteorological data.
b. A complete radar system of the type designed to track precipitation
areas within storms will be located in the vicinity of Porterville,
California, and shall be installed to cover the target area to the
best advantage.
c. All' weather data will be available at the location of the radar
system and will be used to coordinate the various phases of the field
program.
d. Telephone and power facilities will be maintained at the location of
the radar system.
e. A weather radio receiver will be maintained at the location of the
radar system for receiving airway weather reports.
f. Contractor will provide special photographic equipment designed to
furnish permanent records of the various phases of the Program.
These photographs will be used to study and analyze various storm
situations and will be made available to the District upon request.
g. A cloud seeding aircraft will be based at the Porterville Municipal
Airport. This aircraft will be equipped for all-weather flying. It
will be further equipped with facilities for dispensing both dry ice
· and silver iodide for use in cloud seeding activities throughout the
target area. The contractor agrees that its aircraft and equipment
thereon will be certified by the Federal Aviation Administration, an
agency of the United States of America, and that any and all pilots
operating aircraft for or on behalf of the Contractor shall be duly
licensed by the said Federal Aviation Administration.
h. Contractor will provide a service vehicle for field work related to
all ground and air equipment utilized on the project.
i. Contractor will furnish the following personnel who will be
stationed within or near the project:
(1) One radar meteorologist,
(2) One instrument rated pilot meteorologist,
(3) One radar technician, and
(4) One field serviceman and equipment technician.
Thomas J. Henderson shall supervise the Program.
4. The main nucleating agent will be silver iodide, which shall be
dispensed from aircraft.
5. The Contractor shall prepare all reports pertaining to the Program
required to be filed by the Contractor and District to comply with Federal and
State Law. The Contractor shall furnish monthly operational reports during the
course of the cloud nucleating operation. As soon as practical after the
conclusion of the operational period, the Contractor will furnish the District a
final evaluation report covering the entire yearly operation.
6. The Contractor shall furnish and keep in force during the operational
period the following insurance: comprehensive public liability and property
damage insurance, in the amount of $1,250,000.00 covering operation of its
equipment, owned or leased, including aircraft; workmen's compensation
insurance; and aviation bodily injury and property damage liability insurance of
~$2,000,000.00. Such insurance shall be maintained at Contractor's cost, except
that the Distr~ct shall pay the Contractor for the cost of the above referenced
aviation bodily injury and property damage liability insurance in addition to
payments delineated below. With respect to the above referenced insurance
policies, the contractor shal! deposit certificates of insurance with the
District prior to the commencement of the operational period reflecting the
existence of the required insurance. The certificates of insurance for the
comprehensive public liability and property damage insurance and the aviation
bodily injury and property damage liability insurance additionally shall name
North Kern Water Storage District, Buena Vista Water Storage District, Kern
Delta Water District and the City of Bakersfield, and their officers, agents and
employees, as additionally named insureds. Parties require a thirty (30) day
notice of cancellation.
7. Contractor.agrees to be responsible for, and to indemnify and hold
the District harmless and free from all claims of damage to person or property
of any kind or character whatsoever caused by Contractor's acts of negligence
or malpractice in its cloud seeding operations.
8. Contractor agrees to be bound by the laws of the State of California
and the Federal Government particularly with respect to cloud nucleation
operations, and that prior to commencing the operation under the contract for
the District, the Contractor shall have in force all necessary licenses and
permits from the State of California to so operate.
9. This contract may be cancelled by the District upon five (5) days
written notice, sent by mail to the principal office of the Contractor, upon the
occurrence of any one of the following contingencies:
(a) The issuance of any court of competent jurisdiction of any temporary
or permanent injunction against all or any part of the cloud
nucleation operations undertaken by Contractor under this contract,
whether the District is a part of said legal proceedings or not. It
is understood that the issuance of any temporary restraining order,
or any temporary injunction limited by its terms to a period of less
than twenty (20) days .in duration, shall not constitute a basis for
cancellation under this paragraph.
(b) The passage of any overriding legislation by the State of California
which shall outlaw, limit, void or alter in any substantial respect
any provisions of this contract, or shall make unlawful or improper
in any substantial respects, any of the operations of the Contractor
under this contract.
In the event of cancellation by the District under or pursuant to the
terms of this paragraph, all monies already paid to the Contractor by the
District shall be retained by the Contractor as compensation for service already
performed and in addition thereto District shall pay to the Contractor the
payment due on the first of the month following the month in which such
cancellation is made. If the District requests an evaluation report on the
cloud seeding operations for that season up to the time of such cancellation,
Contractor will furnish such report.
10. In the event the District decides that additional precipitation is
not desired for any portion of the operational period, the District may suspend
cloud seeding operations for any specified portion of such operational period by
providing three (3) days notice to the Contractor. In the event the District
suspends operations under this paragraph, Contractor will reimburse the District
in the amount of $130.00 for each day of the suspension.
11. District agrees to pay to the Contractor for the services rendered,
as outlined in this contract, the total sum of Eighty-Three Thousand, Two
Hundred Dollars ($83,200.00), plus an amount of One Hundred Fifty Eight Dollars
($158.00) per hour of aircraft seeding flight time in payments as set forth
below. It is understood and agreed that this sum includes the total fees for
all aircraft flights and evaluations of the program, except as provided at
Paragraph 6 above. District further agrees to pay the Contractor for the
services rendered during the month of May, 1985, as this contract may be
mutually extended as provided in Section 2 above by notice not later than April
20, 1986.
12. ·Schedule of payments. Operations
6 months
MONTH - 1985/86 Nov - Apr
November 1, 1985 $ 16,000
December 1, 1985 16,000 + November flight time
January 1, 1986 16,000 + December flight time
February 1,' 1986 9,000 + January flight time
March 1, 1986 9,000 + February flight time
April 1, 1986 9,000 + March flight time
May 1, 1986 * 8,200 + April flight time
TOTAL: $ 83,200
· If mutually agreed to extend the Program to include the month of May,
the cost will be increased by $5,200 plus aircraft seeding flight time.
13. Any notice to be given hereunder may be served personally or by
depositing the same in the United States mail, postage prepaid, and addressed to
the party being notified at its address as set forth below, or at such other
address as may be hereafter designated in writing. If served by mail, service
shall be conclusively deemed to have been made upon deposit in the United States
mail.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this contract in
duplicate the day and year first hereinabove written.
Address: NORTH KERN WATER STORAGE DISTRICT
1415 18th St.,' Suite 705
Bakersfield, California 93301 By
President
By
Secretary
Address: ATMOSPHERICS INCORPORATED
5652 East Dayton Avenue
Fresno, California 93727 By
President
By
Secretary
(SEAL)
DOMESTIC WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN
CITY of BAKERSFIELD, CALIFORNIA
· DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEM
IN RESPONSE TO THE URBAN WATER
MANAGEMENT PLANNING ACT
DIVISION OF WATER CODE 10610 ET SEQ.
·
PRESENTED TO CITY of BAKERSFIELD WATER BOARD OCTOBER 2, 1985
ADOPTED BY WATER BOARD RESOLUTION NO. 8S - iS W.B.
PREPARED BY
· CITY of BAKERSFIELD
COMMUNITY SERVICES DEPARTMENT
DOMESTIC WATER DIVISION
SEPTEMBER, 1985
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
GENERAL INFORMATION ....................................... 1
PAST, PRESENT AND PROJECTED WATER USE
Past water use ....................................... 2
· Present water use .................................... 2
Projected water use .................................. 2
CONSERVATION MEASURES CURRENTLY ADOPTED AND BEING PRACTICED
Metering ............................................. 3
Waste of water notices .... - ........................... 3
· Municipal ordinances ................................. 3
Building codes ....................................... 8
Mainline extension contracts .......................... 8
City water main specifications ....................... 9
Public information programs .......................... 9
City internal water conservation methods ............. 22
· ALTERNATIVE CONSERVATION MEASURES TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY
OF WATER USE
Increase present levels of current conservation
programs ...................... , ............... '..· .... 23
Public school program ................................ 23
Rate study to encourage water conservation ........... 23
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF PROPOSED ACTION PLAN ......... ,. 24
WATER SUPPLY DEFICIENCIES
Historical deficiencies ....... ~ ....................... 24
Future deficiencies .................................. 24
· ADDITIONAL WATER SUPPLIES
General system expansion .................... ~ ........ 26
Wastewater reclamation ............................... 26
Exchange or transfer of water ........................ 26
Management of water pressures and peak demands .... ... 27
Incentives to alter water use practices .............. 27
· Public information and educational programs to
promote wise use and eliminate waste ................. 27
Changes in pricing, rate structures and regulation ... 27
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Impacts .............................................. 28
DOMESTIC WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD, CALIFORNIA, DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEM
IN RESPONSE TO THE
URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING ACT
DIVISION OF WATER CODE 10610 ET SEQ.
GENERAL INFORMATION
The City of Bakersfield Domestic Water System is a munic-
ipally-owned system, acquired by the City of Bakersfield on
December 22, 1976. The City operates under the council-manager
form of government, with the Water Board of the City of Bakers-
field recommending, administering and implementing domestic
water policies set by the City Council.
The Domestic Water System serves domestic, commercial and
industrial customers in and adjacent to. the westerly portion of
the City of Bakersfield. The system was established in the ..¥
· early 1960's and grew steadily from about 300 customers in
mid-!963 to about~ 1,000 customers in mid-1969 and to about
3,300 customers at the beginning of .1977, at which time the City
assumed ownership. The system presently has 11,000 service
connections representing a population of approximately 37,000.
· The City contracts its normal, daily operations and main-
tenance, meter reading and billings to an investor-owned public
utility who furnishes' public utility water .service throughout
the State of California, including service to customers in the
Bakersfield area. The contractor acts. as agent for the City
and is .under the supervision of the City.
The Domestic Water System is operated under enterprise
budgeting, thus the water service rates must be adequate to
operate the system without the use of general tax revenues or
other tax supports. '~
· City Hall: George Caravalho, City Manager ·
City Hall, City of Bakersfield
1501 Truxtun Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Water Board: Councilman Rollie Moore, Chairman
· City of Bakersfield .Water Board
4101 Truxtun Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Community Services Dept.: Paul Dow, Manager
City of Bakersfield Corporation Yard
4101 Truxtun Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93309
· 1
PAST, PRESENT AND PROJECTED WATER USE
Past Water Use
The City system derives 100% Of its water supply from
groundwater wells located throughout the service area. Presently,
there are 17 wells in production with two more planned by Spring
· of 1986. Records of production and water use have been compiled
and maintained by the City's contractor since 1977.
The system is 100% metered, therefore, complete and accurate
records of water use are available from the time the City assumed
control of the water service.
· TABLE 1
WATER USE - CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEM
Total Use
.~. Year In Acre~Feet
1977 5,591
1978 5.,076
1979 6,141
1980 6,835
· 1981 7,805
1982 8,177
· 1983 · 10,147
1984 12,530
Present Water Use
Records of metered deliveries to all customers in 1984 show
the following percentage of use by category of consumer:
TABLE 2
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL WATER USE BY CATEGORY - 1984
·
Type of Service Percent of Total Use
Residential 72.6%
Business/Commercial 17.0%
~ Industrial 2.6%
Public Authorities 4.1%
Temp. Service (construction) 3.5%
Unaccountable 0.2%
.Projected Water Use
Projected water use patterns are anticipated to show an
· 2
increase in total consumption of water in all categories of service,
however, no increase is projected for amount consumed per customer.
· The projected increase in demand or the use of water through
1995 is to be met by increasing groundwater withdrawals through
deep well pumping. The City is emblarking on a plan to import ground-
water to its service area from a City-owned groundwater recharge and
pumped retrieval system involving the City banking its Kern River
water for future use by its citizens. It is anticipated the City's
· water service demand increases through 1995 will be met in this way.
CONSERVATION MEASURES CURRENTLY
ADOPTED AND BEING PRACTICED
· Metering
The City system is metered to 100% of its service connections,
exclusive of public fire protection services (public fire hydrants).
This' method of service provides accurate detail to the City and the
customer of quantities used in particular situations, so both City
· and customers are aware of amounts of water consumed. 'The metering
method .allows the cust'omer to reward himself for practicing water
conservation .methods, through a lower.monthly water bill. The
Public Utilities Commission of the State of California, General
Order No. 103 encourages metered volume sales unless specific autho-
rization has been granted otherwise. Although not under the CPUC,
· the City has adopted service standards patterned' after General Order
No. 103.
A comparison of water use in the Bakersfield area for the
annual period of 1984 shows that the average residential metered
customer in the City's system used 41,000 cubic feet (4'10 ccf) of
· water, while major water utility records show for the same period,
that similar, flat rate service in other areas of Bakersfield shows
consumption was 48,600 (486 ccf) cubic feet. This supports the
metering effort for conservation purposes in this particular case.
Waste of Water Notices
The City's operations, maintenance and billing contractor pro-
vides to its field personnel "Waste of Water Notice" doorknob
hangers that are used when homes or businesses display outside waste
of water. The notices also include a review of ways to conserve
water inside as well as outside the home. Sample "Waste of Water
Notice" is attached.
Municipal Ordinances
The City has adopted ordinances relating to water wastage.
The'ordinances apply to service areas of all utilities who supply
· water to the incorporated City boundaries, as well as the City-owned
3
Form 1407-A
Rev. 1-76
WASTE OF WATER NOTICE
Date
Water -- your most precious natural resource -- is being wasted in the
[] Open hose, unattended
[] Excess irrigation, water in street
[] Plumbing leaks (should be repaired promptly)
:Wasted...water m~a~s, W~'Ste¢ .energy and higher water bills. ' ;.-~'*,:
I I II IIII IIII I I I III III I IIII I III IIIIII III I II I I I I
NOTICE OF INCREASE IN CONSUMPTION
l~ear ('onsumer;
The regular monthly reading has just been made of your water meter and
in compuiin~' ~'our eurren! bill. we notice a considerable increase in eon-
The reading was checked immediately and found to be correct and we are
taking this means of notifying you in advance of the regular billing, so that
you may determine any source through which water may be leaking and
wasted, and (hereh~' eliminate any additional loss,
Your current bill will be
Yours vet3' trulx',
CALIFORNIA WATER SERVICE COMPANY.
Acct. No .....................................
Form 1009 -
water system. The Municipal Code, Title 12, Chapter 12.28 is as
fo 1 lows:
Chapter 12.28 - Water in Gutters or Sidewalks
Sections:
12.28.010 Hose or water pipe on public way unlawful.
12.28.020 Water on sidewalks unlawful - Exception.
12.28.030 Allowing irrigation water to overflow into
gutters unlawful.
12.28.040 DutY to turn off water before it overflows into gutters.
12.28. 050 Violation of Sections 12.28. 030 and 12.28. 040 -
Penalty.
12.28.010 Hose or water pipe on public way unlawful.
Any ·person leaving or permitting to be left any hose or water
pipe upon· or across any sidewalk, sidewalk space or any public
passageway, within the City, between the hours of·nine p.m. and
six a.m. shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. (Prior code ~ 10.07.090).
12.28.020 Water on sidewalks unlawful - Exception.
Any person owning ·or having in his possession any water pipe,
drain or hose and who permits the water therefrom to run across
any sidewalk, public street or alleyway, so as to injure the same
or obstruct or interfere with the free travel thereon, or who per-
mits said water to run into or upon the surface of the street,
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, excepting, however, that it is
not unlawful to use a reasonable amount of water to clean any side-
walk or portion thereof within the City. (Prior code ~ 10.07.070).
12.28. 030 Allowing irrigation water to overflow into gutters
unlawful.
It is unlawful for the owner, agent or tenant of any· dwelling
house, apartment house, flat building or any building or premises
in the city where water is used to irrigate or sprinkle the lawn
or plants on or about said premises to allow the water so being used
· 6
to run, or for such person to sprinkle said premises until the
water floods the parking space between the sidewalk and the
curb and overflows into the gutter and street. (Prior code
~ 8.56.010).
12.28.040 Duty to turn off water before it overflows
into gutters.
It shall be the duty of all owners, agents or tenants of
dwelling houses, apartment houses, flat buildings and all such
premises where water is used to irrigate or sprinkle the lawn
and plants on or about said premises, to shut or turn off all
water before the same runs over the curb in front of said pre-
mises and into the gutter and street. (Prior code ~ 8.56.020).
12.28.050 Violation of Sections 12128.030 and 12.28.040 -
Penalty.
Any person violating any provisions of Sections 12.28.030 and
12.28. 040 shall be' guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished
by a fine not exceeding three hundred dollars, imprisonment in the
county jail not exceeding ninety-days, or by both 'such fine and
imprisonment. (Prior code ~ 8.56.030).
· Further, the City has adopted an ordinance to the Municipal
Code relating directly to the City-owned system. Under Municipal
Code, Title 14, Chapter 14.04 -
14.04. 270 Service connections, meters and customers'
facilities - Right of access to customers'
· . premises.
.A. The City or its duly authorized agents shall at all
reasonable times have the right of ingress to and egress from the
customer's premises for any purpose properly connected with the
service of water to the customer.
B. Any inspection work or recommendations made by the City
or its 'agents in connection with plumbing or appliances or any
use of water on the customer's premises, either as a result of
a complaint or otherwise, will be made without charge and without
assumption of any liability in connection therewith. (Prior code
· ~ 1.46~150(d)).
14.04. 300 Service connections, meters and customers'
facilities - Water wastage.
· Where negligent or wasteful use of water exists on a
· 7
customer's premises, seriously affecting the general service, the
City may discontinue the service if such conditions are not cor-
· rected within five days after giving customer written notice of
intent to do so. (Prior code ~ 1.46.150(g)).
Building Codes
The City has adopted the California Administrative Code,
Title 24 (State Building Stan'dards Code) relating to Energy Con-
servation in new building construction. The code specifically
relates to energy conservation, but some provisions apply to the
use of low-flow showerheads, lavatory faucets and sink faucets.
Specifically, in Title 24, Part 2, Section 2-5307.b states:
· (b) Showerheads and Faucets. Showerheads, lavatory faucets,
and sink faucets shall not be installed unless the manu-
facturer has lawfully certified to the California Energy
Commission compliance with the appliance efficiency
standards for that model of showerhead, lavatory faucet,
or sink faucet. See Appendix 2-53A for availability-of
directories of certified showerheads, lavatory faucets
· . and sink faucets.
Mainline Extension Contracts
The City offers Mainline Extension Contracts to developers
· for extending City facilities to new developments. The contracts
are patterned after Rule 15 of California Public Utilities Com-
mission. An excerpt of the City's rule provides for water con-
servation provisions. Section A.(3)..e.1 and 2:
1. All interior plumbing in new buildings shall meet the
· following requirement s'
(a) Toilets shall not use more than 3-1/2 gallons per
flush, except that toilets and urinals with flush
valves "may be installed.
· (b) Showerheads shall contain flow controls which re-
strict flow to .a maximum of approximately 3 gallons
per minute.
(c) Kitchen and lavatory faucets shall have flow controls
which restrict flow to a maximum of approximately
· 2 gallons per minute.
2. Ail new parks, median strips, landscaped public areas and
landscaped areas surrounding condominiums, townhouses,
apartments and industrial parks shall have a well-balanced
automatic irrigation system designed by a landscape archi-
· tect or other comPetent person, and shall be operated by
electric time controller stations set for early morning irrigation.
· ' City Water Main Specifications
City standards for water main installations on its own system
require pressure and leak testing before acceptance by the City.
In 'CITY OF BAKERSFIELD SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER MAIN EXTENSIONS'
SECTION VI. TESTING AND. DISINFECTING PARAGRAPH A. TESTING:
Immediately after the water line is completed, the Contractor
shall test the water line for leakage in accordance with the
applicable portions of AWWA Specification C600 and in the
presence of the Engineer. Any~pipe or fittings that fail to
pass the maximum allowable leakage requirements shall be re-
moved and replaced with new materials at the expense of the
~ Contractor. The lines shall be tested to a presSure equal
to the working pressure plus 50 psi. The Contractor shall
provide all labor and materials required for the test.
AWWA Specification C603-78, a subsection of C600 is a metic-
ulously performed pressure and leakage test designed to minimize
· present and future losses of water.
Public Information Programs
Through 'the City's maintenance and billing contractor, several
forms and methods of public awareness of water Conservation are
distributed. Samples of brochures, bill~ inserts, and other materials
described in the following:
1) Water conservation brochures are distributed to customers
as handouts at the local business office.
· 2) Water conservation bill inserts are used to keep customer
aware of water conservation.
3) .The City's contractor provides publiCity releases and
advertising to local media to promote customer infor-
· mation on water conservation.
4) The City's contractor provides a postage message on all
outgoing bills urging water conservation.
5) The City's billing format provides a detailed summary of
the customer's water use during the billing period. The
· bill also provides a consumption history, by billing
period, for the previous year. This allows the customers
to monitor their water conservation efforts. Space is
provided on the bill to place messages concerning water
conservation.
9
Water
Conservation
Home...
How to,
Think about water, it's yours for the asking 24
hours a day. All you have to do is turn a faucet.
But now think again.
The water you use doesn't come magically from
nowhere. It's a carefully manufactured product-
clean, safe, piped directly into your home-a valu-
able resource that shouldn't be wasted.
Water will recycle itself eventually come what
may. But high-quality water that we need and ex-
pect in our homes is not an infinite resource. Be-
sides, you're paying for every drop whether it's
used or wasted. So conservation can be a solid
favor to your pocketbook, too.
Water conservation is a good way of life. Let's
practice it together.
SAVING IN THE HOME
Household water conservation not only saves
water, it saves energy, too; energy needed to heat
water and to run appliances.
The bathroom is where you can make the most
substantial reduction in your personal water use.
Two thirds of the water used in an average home is
used in the bathroom, mostly for flushing toilets and
for showers and baths. A lot of that water may be
going to the sewer needlessly, adding to the volume
of sewage and putting an extra burden on treatment
plants.
TOI LETS
Every time a toilet is flushed, about seven gal-
lons of water goes into the sewer. There are two
ways to cut down here-first, don't use the toilet
for things it was not meant for; and second, reduce
the water per flush.
Toilets should not be used as a trash can to flush
away tissues, gum wrappers, cigarette butts, spiders,
diapers or anything else that ought to go in a waste
basket or garbage can. All of us do it at one time or
another, but use of the toilet as a waste basket is
just a phenomenal waste of water.. Imagine pouring
three two-gallon buckets of water on a bitty spider
or piece of tissue. Ridiculous!
2
Most toilets use more water than is really neces-
sary and work just as well with less. So you can put
a brick in the tank to displace some of the water,
right? Wrong! The extra weight might crack your
tank. Besides, the bricks may begin to disintegrate
after awhile, causing serious and expensive prob-
lems in the plumbing.
Use a plastic soap or laundry bottle instead. It's
safe, easy and inexpensive. Fill a few with water to
weight them and put them in the tank.
CAUTION: Don't put the bottles where they'll
jam the flushing mechanism. And be sure you don't
displace so much water that you have to double-
flush to get the thing to work. Double flushing
wastes more than you save.
Valve
Pipe
Arm
Ball
Ball
Toilets are notorious for their hidden leaks.
They can waste hundreds of gallons a day undetect-
ed. Leaks occur when the toilet is out of adjustment
or when parts are worn, so it's important to check
it periodically. It's not hard or complicated.
Most toilet leaks are at the overflow pipe or at
the plunger ball. If it's at the overflow, the water
3
level is usually too high, although sometimes the
overflow pipe gets a leak below the water line.
Gently bend the float arm down so the valve shuts
off the water about a half inch below the top of the
overflow pipe. Sometimesthat valve is worn and
will run like a leaky faucet and have to be replaced.
If you're an experienced do-it-yourselfer you can
do the job. Otherwise, call a plumber.
Plunger-ball leaks aren't as easy to spot. The best
way to check is to drop a little food coloring into a
tankful of clear water and wait to see if it shows up
in the bowl. If it does, you probably have a leak at
the plunger ball, either because the ball needs re-
placing or because the mechanism is out of align-
ment. This, too, is a relatively simple repair for a
do-it-yourself er.
People used to think showers were less wasteful
than tub baths, period. That failed to take into
consideration the fact that many of us spend ten
or 20 minutes or more in the shower. Since most
showers pour out between five and ten gallons per
minute, that can add up in a hurry.
4
There's no hard-and-fast rule. It's more a matter
of self~:ontrol. A partially filled tub uses far less
water than a long shower, while a short shower uses
less than a full tub. Time yourself next time you
step under the spray. The odds are you really don't
need to stand there that long, nor do you need the
shower's running at full, hot blast.
Don't leave thewater running. Run as much as
you need, ~(hen turn off the tap until you need
some more. Water running unused goes straight
down the drain. It adds up to a whale of a lot of
wasted water.
Automatic dishwashers claim the most water in
kitchens, about 15 gallons per run. The secret
here is to make sure the washer is fully loaded be-
fore you turn it on, because it's going to take that
15 gallons whether there's a dinner full of dishes or
just a couple of cups.
Don't bother rinsing dishes in the sink before you
put them in a dishwasher. Scrape them clean and
let the machine do the rest.
5
Are you the dishwasher in your household? Re-
member not to wash them with the water running.
A sinkful of wash water and one of rinse water
will do the job just as well.
Don't let the faucet run when you scrub vege-
tables or prepare other foods, either. Put a stopper
in the sink instead.
And for a cold drink of water, don't stand there
letting it run endlessly. Store a jug of ice water in
the refrigerator.
Many washing machines use 40 or more gallons
of water a load whether you have them stuffed full
or with only a couple of socks. Save up for a full
load and make your water work efficiently. Or re-
member to set your machine for a lesser load if it
can be adjusted. As with the dishwasher, you save
energy and electricity, as well as water.
For hand laundering put a stopper in the wash-
tub for both wash and rinse. Don't let the faucet
run,
Stem
Washer
Screw
A little leak loses lots! Just a slow drip can add
up to 15 or 20 gallons a day, while a 1/16-inch
faucet leak wastes one hundred gallons in 24 hours!
Most leaks, aside from toilets', are in faucets and
are most commonly caused by worn washers. Check
all the faucets in the house once or twice a year. If
any of them drip after you've turned them off firm-
ly, turn off the supply line, take the faucet apart
and replace the washer. Usually it's not hard, al-
though some faucet designs do present a challenge.
Any good household do-it-yourself book offers
easy-to-understand advice if you need it.
It's important to get the size right. The washer
has to fit inside a sort of cup on the valve stem and
spread out to the edges when it's screwed down. If
the drip is still there when you're done, you may
have something else wrong. Get in touch with a
plumber.
If the leak is in one of those faucets with a
single lever or "joystick" to control both hot and
cold, the disassembly and repair is still relatively
simple, but entirely different from the valve stem-
and-washer type. A good hardware or plumbing
supply store will have necessary replacement parts
and can probably direct you to a good instruction
source, too, if you need it.
WATER-SAVING DEVICES
Many different kinds of water-savin9 devices and
fixtures are on the market, ranging from special re-
duced-flow shower heads to water-thrifty shallow-
trap toilets. A variety of shower head adapters also
is available to cut down flow in existing fixtures, al-
though a little self-control in not turning faucets on
full blast does just about as well at no cost at all.
See a good plumbing supply or hardware store for
7
advice, particularly when it's time to replace an
old fixture in the house. Try to get one that doesn't
use as much water.
Water heaters have been known to blow out and
pipes have been known to burst. Occasionally, a
faucet decides to become a fountain. When this
sort of thing happens, you'll want to know how to
turn everything off. Either that or lay in a supply
of wading boots.
Most sinks, wash basins and toilets in the house
have shutoff valves below them that cut off water
to that particular fixture. The hot-water heater also
has a shutoff valve to cut hot water to the whole
house. Unfortunately, most of us don't have shut-
offs for bathtubs and showers, because the plumb-
ing is usually behind the wall. Check your house
now and identify all of those shutoff valves; see if
they work.
Most important, check for the main shutoff
valve that turns off the whole house. It's usually
located where the water pipe comes into the house.
Check to see you have one and that it works. If you
don't or it doesn't, ask a plumber to stop by and
correct the situation.
8
States that enjoy warm weather during most of
the year often find half or more of the water piped
into homes is going right back out through hoses
onto lawns and gardens. Northern states find the
same in summer months.
It's a fact of life that when more water is used
outside, more is wasted there. But you don't have
to let your lawn turn brown or the car turn dusty
to conserve water. Use common sense instead.
The basic principle of lawn and garden watering
is not to give them more than they need. Don't
follow a fixed schedule. Water when the grass or
plants show signs of needing it. During a cool or
cloudy spell, you don't need to water as often.
Heat and wind will rob your lawn of water be-
fore it can use it. Avoid watering on windy days
and you'll avoid having most of the water go where
you don't want it. Water in the cool of the day,
both to avoid excess evaporation and the chance of
harming the lawn. Weeds are water thieves, too, so
keep the garden free of them.
Let water sink in slowly. Lots of water applied
fast mostly runs off into gutters. Also, if you let
water sink deep, the lawn will develop deeper roots
and won't need watering as often, as well as being
more resistant to disease and wear.
A kitchen timer is a handy reminder for turning
off sprinklers. And make sure when the sprinklers
are on that they cover just the lawn or garden, not
sidewalks, driveways and gutters.
OTHER OUTDOOR USE
Your garden hose can pour out 600 gallons or
more in only a few hours. Remember that when you
leave the sprinkler running all day or leave the hose
unattended. Thousands of gallons can be lost in a
very short time.
When washing the car, use a bucket for soapy
water and use the hose only for rinsing. Running
water in the driveway won't get the car any cleaner.
Another water waster is using the hose to sweep
away leaves. Use a rake and broom to clean up side-
walks, driveways and gutters.
B/IEET YOUR iV1ETER
Your water meter is the best detective in the
home. It can tell whether you have sizable leaks,
as well as how much water various appliances are
using. All you have to do is learn its language.
Most meters record gallons just as your car's odo-
meter records mileage. However, some show cubic
feet of water used. For these, you can multiply the
figure shown by 7.5, the approximate number of
gallons in one cubic foot.
The cubic-feet meter on this page shows 41,873
cubic feet of water delivered to the home-or about
10
GALLONS
~314,047 gallons (multiplying 41,873 by 7.5). The
~gall°n meter Shows 968,720 gallons delivered.
Note that these meters are never reset~ To find
how much you've used in any given period, just
~ subtract the number on your last bill from the cur-
-rent meter reading.
Some meters come in a circular-reading style. No
problem. Read each dial in turn to find the total, if
a pointer is between two figures, read the lower
number.
968720
r ,and
long you usually leave the sprinkler running. You
may be shocked at the hundreds of gallons going
onto the lawn and garden every week.
2. Wait for a member of the family to step into
the shower and follow the same timing routine.
Check the volume consumed in one minute and
multiply by the number of minutes a normal shower
in your family takes.
3. Watch the meter dial through a full fill cycle
on the automatic washer. And remember that each
wash gets more than twice as much for both wash
and rinse.
4. For leak detection, turn everything off care-
fully so no water is being used anywhere in the
house. Then check the position of the meter dial
for about 15 minutes. If it hasn't moved, congratu-
lations! You have a relatively water-tight home.
But if it has, start checking hose connections, faucets,
the toilet (with food coloring, remember?).
Sometimes a meter located outside of the house
at curbside will indicate a leak when everything in-
side seems tight. The leak may be hidden under-
ground in the pipes. Call a plumber for advice.
A GOOD WAY OF LIFE
Water conservation is a good way of life. Remem-
ber where water comes from and where it goes. A
toilet flush uses up to seven gallons, water taps run
at about five gallons a minute while waiting for hot
or cold, showers use five to ten gallons a minute,
and leaks can soak up hundreds or even thousands
of gallons a day.
It isn't hard to conserve water, it doesn't change
our lives drastically. It's mostly a matter of using
good common sense. Think about water--and when
you do, think about conserving it.
12
Water
Conservation
Home...
A Must!
· 11
Avoid water runoff into streets and Do not use toilet as a trash dispenser.
~ gutters. ]. Don't ~all ~oleep ~. the ~ho~er
An extra ~ minutes in the shower could
Pressure is high an~ evaporation loss at a mean another 50 gallons down the drain.
: Use a moderate stream.
- $~eep driveways an~ ~idewal~s in' ~' Ha~ loads cheat you out of full water use.'
~ garden cleanup. 9. 'Watch Tho~e Laundry L0a~. Too
Some 50 gallons of water are used to
wash a load of clothes, Make every load
Use bucket.at water. Hose off only to count.
rinse. 10, Avoid the"Run.in~
5. ~epnir ~uoet ~e~s ' Don't run water continuously while shay-
As much as 15 gallons of water can be last lng, brushing teeth, peeling vegetables',
· 12
Many of us i~obablv don't realize the fact that wasting
also wastes energy. Doing a good turn on behaff of w3te~
conservation, especially during hot summer months, helps to
reduce the power load here in Salinas required to pump
water up from depths of hundreds of feet 'below ground.
During the California drought period of 1976-77, many woys
were suggested on how we could conserve water. As we
enter this summer season, it's a good idea to remind
ourselves what we can do to again c~t water waste.
Remember, saving water saves energy.
TEN WAYS TO
AVOID WATER WASTE
· 13
.~~ But, that harmles~loohing slow dflo
~~ _ o~R~e ~ from We faucet can, in fact, ~ste ~me
~ ~ pU~. ~ 15 to 20 gallons of water ~r dayl
check all facets ~veral times du~ng
~~ ,,(~ ~~ It's g~ conse~ation practice ~o
the year. Outside leaks are more diM-
repaired simply by ta~lng ~e faucet
~y plumber will agree. ~e toilet is apa~ and replaci~ worn wa~e~.~ ~
noto~ous for its many hidden leaks. A~ Taking time to "fix the d~p" is ~und
when leaks go undetected, hundreds of '
gallons of water can be wasted each conse~ation ad,ce we all can heed. ~~~
d~9. ~ohs occur when ~o ~oilet is out o~ ,
odju~m,nt or mhen ~s ~ro morn.
~at's why it's a ~a~ practice tO ~*- ~[~~).~. ~reman half mewaterweu~dufing summer
check for toilet leaks ~fiodically, listen- ~k _ ~ ~.~,~ monks helps to k~p our ia~s and gard~s grin
lng carefully for the sou~ of ~nnlng /~ ~j ~ ~ ,:/~ and~auU~l, lt'sa~neficialu~ofwater.
~st leaks occur at ~e ove~ow pipe ~/~:~ ~ F I waste of water in our ouUide u~ ~mout hu~
or at me p lurer ball. ~~~ ~e apmar~ce °f °ur 'andsca~'
If ~e leak is at ~e ove~ow pipe, T~much wate~ng cnn resultin ~n
chances are ~e tank's water level Is too ,--~;:~ ~ ~ .nd gu,ers. ~is is pro~b~ ~ msia,
wast~ in our ou~ide u~. ~. watering du~
high, requi~ a slight adjustment of ~e ~ ~ ~ h~at of mid-d,y r~sul~ in loss ~r~gh
Hunger ball leaks are di~cult to ~ot. ' ~'s al~ ~st to ~void wst~ring on 8 r~ ~ul~.
~. best .eck Is to drop fo~ co,ofi~ F gz~/ ~7 C~ler da~ ~me.mes make water, unn~.
~ ~ es~ since ~e ground may have re~in~
or a d~e tablet into o tank~l of cl~or . '
~~ . ~. moisture from ~e pr~ous ~ng.
boml, ~er~'s probabl~ a leak -- ~ither ~ ~ngs.
becau~ ~ ball n~eds :o be replocod
or ~e mechanism is out of alignment.
CRLI~RNIR ~RT(R ~R~C~ CO. NV CRLI~RNIR ~RT~R ~R~C~ CO~NV ~iFO~ WA~R SER~CE
~ ..... · · e e · · .~ ·
...... F LL
have to do wi~ .
~ter?
I~~~,,'_'~ ~~[~ ~ere's no doubt about it .....
......... ; ............. ~e automatic dishwoshem can be
~~ real time~vers. But its u~ could be
Ten
~ayS ~o~.ng mo~ ~ho~ ~~.
~O ~V~ ~e~ ~ch time the wa~er goes ~rough a
.... complete cycle it uses about 15 gallons
L Do Not~er-wnterPInn~nnd~wns of water. ~at ~me 15 gallons can
A~d ~eF Funo[f into stF~e~ and DuPers . .:
~, For Sest ~esul~ TO' l~ornlng ~aterlhg wash full loads just as effectively as half
Pressure is high and evaporation loss at a loads; ~e ~cret to greater efficiency
minimum (and great ~s) is to avoid operat- -
~. Avoid ~ashlng Down Paved Areas
Sweep ddvewa~ and sidewalks in garden lng the di~wa~er after eve~ meal.
c;~anup ~111~ds will conse~e water, energy
4. ~en ~ashlng the Car...
Use bucket of water. Hose offonly to rinse , Gad detergent. It's just another way to
S. Repair Faucet Leaks ~ve money and re~urces. ~e answer? Plen~l It takes a great
~ much as 15 gallons of water can be lost each deal of energy--no ma~er what the source
6. ~voldlollet~ater~a~te '.- ' · o~power--to pump water ~nto our Domes
Do not u~e to~let ~, tras~ dl~penser ~ ~ " ' ~ kom either hundre~ o~ feet Delo~ tho
7. Don't Fall ~leep in the Shower ~/ ~ ground or hundreds of miles over mountain
An extra 5 minutes in the shower could mean~ , , z ranges and through aqueduct.
moOerete stream ' ~ ~ ~ ~ the avernge monthly water bill relates
8. The Automatic Dl~h~her-- Use ~e~y
~ ~ Oire~ to the cost of energy.
9, Watch Those ~unfl~ Loafl~ Too
Some 50 gallons ofwater are used to ~sha ~~ Avoiding water waste just makes
load o[ clothes. Make eve~ load count ~~~ good sense. It saves money and energy.
10. ~vold the "Running Faucet" ~-~
Don't ~n water continuously while shaving, California ~ater Se~ice Compan~
brushing teeth, peelinD vegetables, or
____~?~gdishes , Wash WithCare
California Water Se~ice Company
Armed for battle
Durin~ tho drou~l~t all of us Ioarnod a ~roat
deal about ways to provont water wast~ outsido
tho homo~low water uso plants, uso of tho broom
to ¢loan tho dri¥oway, a buckot to wash tho
· car. These same weapons to fight the drought
can be used successfully today to help protect
our full supplies. Avoiding water waste during
times of plenty is our best defense against
future drought.
· CALIFORNIA WATER SERVICE
COMPANY
"What's energy have to do with conserving water?."
The answer? Plenty! It takes a great deal of
· energy--no matter what the source of power--
to pump water into our homes from either
hundreds of feet below the ground or hundreds
of miles over mountain ranges and through
aqueducts.
in more specific terms, about 12% of the
· average monthly water bill relates directly to
the cost of energy.
Avoiding water waste just makes good sense.
It saves money and energy.
CALIFORNIA WATER :SERVICE
· COMPANY
].6
PLE^SE GUIDE ON HOW TO SAVE WATER
POST IN
YOUR '
HOME Ol~
Tub 9r~ahlng ' Wa~h~9 O~ W~g T~ W~ Out~
Sho~r ge~ T~th ~vi~ (Ha~) W~ H~ ~uah~ ~ W~
Typi~i Five Full: Tap TaD TaD ~ull Tap Av~age Full C~m, Av~
U~ Minute: ~ Ru~ning: Running: Running: - Cyc~: Running: Tank: Full L~I.
45 Gals. 5 10 ~ 1~ 2 5 Full L~: 10
Ga~s. Gala. Gala. Gals. Gall. Gala. Gals, ~ Gals~Min
~lO~ U~ Minut~ Level: Brush. BaNn: Sink CycM: Blain: Oisplac~ · C~: D~
(Plus . !0+ Rin~ I Twice: 7 I mere Mini~ Wlleh~
10 Gals. 1 Qt. Gals. 4 Stall Gu~
CAL~OR~ WATER S~R~C~ CO~~ 2,
FRO1-[: California Water Service Company (date)
(Your address)
(Office phone) FOR IM,~iEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: (Your name)
Water saving kits to reduce water Use i~ the bathroom are available
· free to (your city or area) customers of California Water Service Company.
(Your name), district (local) manager here for the Company, said
1984 has been one of California's· driest years since the drought of 1976-77.
Although local supplies remain adequate, customers are requested to avoid
· water waste during the high use periods of the summer months.
(Your last name) said the water saving kits, along with instructions
for their use, may be picked up at the Company's commercial office, (your
office address). ·
-The kits contain plastic displacement bags for use .in the toilet
tank; devices to reduce the flow of water through showerheads; and two dye
tablets to detect toilet ·leaks.
According to (your last name), State Department of Water Resources
officials estimate that water savings can total many thousands of gallons
annually per household through use of the displaceme~t bags and showerhead
· restrictors. In addition to conserving water,, it is estimated that shower
restrictors can also save a family up to ~75 yearly in water heating expense,
according to state conservation officials.
.. FROb~: CALIFOR~\q[A WATEK SERVICE C01-~ANY (Date)
i (your office address)
10 (Your office phone) FOR IbR~EDIATE P. ELEASE
CONTACT: (Your name)
·
For the seventh consecutive month precipitation in many areas of
California was below normal according to (your name) district (or local)
.· manager here for California Water Service Company.
Despite the lack of rain, (your last name) emphasized that the
area's water supply derived from (deep underground wells) (and) (reservoirs)
.· which serve the local area remains adequate to meet customer needs.
~ Nevertheless, (your last name) said, customers are urged to practice
sound conservation techniques to prevent waste of the exi[~ting supply.
~· Since most water use takes place outside the home (your last name)
suggests care be given to landscape watering and outside cleanup. This
includes: '
· --Avoiding over-watering of plants and lawns to prevent runoff into
streets and gutters.
--Scheduling early morning periods for landscape watering when
O pressure is high and evaporation loss is at a minimum.
--Sweeping 'driveways and sidewalks in garden cleanup, avoiding
flushing of paved areas.
· ~ (Your last name) encourages the use of low water use plants whe~
planning new landscaping for the home. }{e said use of drought-tolerant plants
does not mean a dry, drab, unattractive landscape. In reality, he said, many
· low water use plants are prolific bloomers, bringing a variety of colors
year-round. (Your name) said a list of low water use plants is available free
at' Cal water's commercial office (your address).
2O
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD WATER SYSTEM
BILLING DATE
WNEN ~A~NG ~NeU~R~ES CO~TACT
CAU~OR.~A w*~R sERviCE
1920 'EYE~ ~T CITY OF ~AKERSF[ELD
AGENT ~0R C~TY 0F BAKERSFIELD ACCOUNT NUMBER
TEL. N0. 3E~-~[~ 50-5~-05-~0~-~
SERVICE ADDRESS
TRACT 27q~' PLANTER
~ BILLING PERIOD METER SERVICE CHARGE
FROM TO DAYS SIZE
06/11/85 07/11/85 30 5/8 INCH
1007 1024 17 17 X $.409 6.95
GALLONS
CURRENT A MOUh.!T 12.25
PRIOR BALANCE 24.10
PAYMENT RECEIVED .... THANK YOU 11.44-
LINPAIg P~IOR BALANCE 12.~6
AMOUNT NgN OUR ANg PAYABLE $24.91
CONSERVING NATER SAVES POldER CONSUMPTION HISTORY
DATE DAYS CCF GALLONS DATE DAYS CCF GALLONS
· JUN 85 32 18 13465 DEC 84 33 13 9725
MAY 85 24 15 11221 NOV 84 29 13 9725
APP ~_5 29 20 14961 gCT 84 29 21 15709
MAR 85 ~0 3 2244 SEP 84 33 17 12717
FEB 85 9! 7 5236 AUG 84 29 26 19449
JAN 85 31 10 7481 JUL 84 30 23 17205
-~,~.~ _ ~,,~..~;?.~Ja.~_~,~;~-:--~ ............ ~ BILLING DATE
~ CALIFORNIA WATER SERVICE COMPANY
50-58-05-22(90-1-7 TOTAL DUE
SERVICE ADDRESS
DEDUCT RECENT PAYMENTS
NOT SHOWN
I C I T Y 0 F B A K E R S F I EL D ,~ O,~eR~N~ ^~OUNT "
PARKS gEPT PAID PLEASE INDICATE
J· 4101 TRLIXTON AVE
9AKERSFTELD CA
6) The City contractor is maintaining an active program
to distribute water saving kits to customers throughout
the City system. As part of each kit, a brochure is
· distributed providing instructions on use of the kit
and includes other water conservation tips. The kits
contain a plastic bag for toilet tank displacement,
showerhead flow restrictors and non-toxic dye tablets
for toilet tank leak checks. The availability of the
kits is publicized through news releases and local
· office displays.
City Internal Water Conservation Measures
The City system has incorporated several procedures and
· practices to achieve water conservation and manage the water supply.
1) Extensive records on water consumption, water production,
and use histories have been'maintained since the City
acquired the system. The records are constantly re-
viewed to detect abnormalities in production vs. distri-
bution to detect major losses and inefficient delivery
· systems.
2) The City's system is relatively new, therefore, large
scale replacement of mains and service connections is
unwarranted at this time. However,' new system installa-
tions are constructed under strict standards and full
· pressure and leak testing are required before City ac-
ceptance. · ~
3) As new and more advanced monitoring equipment are de-
veloped for measuring water, the City is specifying such
equipment to improve the accuracy of City production and
· distribution records.
4) Leak detection is part· of normal operations, on a 24-hour
basis. Most leaks of any consequence appear as surface
problems. Any suspected leaks are approached as an
· emergency repair and are responded to accordingly. · Any
customer suspecting a leak on their premises or anywhere
in the system are promptly responded to and repairs made,
if needed.
5) The City requires 100% metering of its system. It is
felt this affords the customer a·complete knowledge of
· his water use. In the interest of water conservation,
the customer can adjust his water ·use accordingly. The
City's pricing structure is based on quantity use. The
quantity rate is not a tiered structure. The City's
pricing schedule on quantity rates reflects the true
· 22
cost to capitalize, operate and maintain the system
and provide good water service to its customers. The
· pricing of higher unit rates over a basic "life-line"
rate is not justified at this time and is not current
policy of the City.
ALTERNATIVE CONSERVATION MEASURES
TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OF WATER USE
Increase Present Levels of Current Conservation Programs
It is foreseen that some current water conservation programs
can have an increased level of emphasis. More advertising of the
· availability of water saving kits and brochures containing tips
on water conservation would raise the customers awareness of the
efficient use of water.
Public School Program
· During the 1977 drought period, the City's operations con-
tractor conducted, to a limited degree, a public education school
program on water conservation in the Bakersfield area. The City
feels such a program could again be pursued within the schools of
Bakersfield. Utilizing services provided by the Department of
Water Resources and low cost. educational aids available through
· . DWR, the program is expected to be a high result/Iow cost effort
with total support from school administrators and 'teachers. No
specific negative impact, is anticipated through such a program.
Rate Study to Encourage Water Conservation
· The City is preparing to launch a rate study to investigate
a pricing structure to:
1) Maintain financial integrity of the City system,
2) Encourage water conservation efforts, and
3) Provide for future exPansion and replacement, and main-
tenance of the system.
The study is to address water conservation efforts as it
relates to the water system revenue base. The City desires an
adequate "service charge'' to recover fixed asset costs, with a
quantity rate to pay for consumption related expenses, with a
possibly increased quantity rate to discourage excessive con-
sumption and recover costs associated with high peak demand due
to high rates of consumption.
· 23
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF
· PROPOSED ACTION PLAN
The study on a rate schedule tO discourage wasteful use of
water will begin in the Fall of 1985, with resultant recommenda-
tions available by Spring 1986.
An increased level of current distribution of brochures and
water saving kits can be initiated by Spring of 1986.
Depending upon the cooperation of Bakersfield school offi-
cials, it is anticipated that an in-school water conservation
· ~education program can begin no later than 1987.
WATER SUPPLY DEFICIENCIES
Historical Deficiencies
The City's Domestic Water System has not experienced a supply
deficiency. The system relies on local groundwater supplies, pro-
duced from 17 wells, to maintain water service. A groundwater
level histograph has been prepared showing the water levels, both
static and pumping in City-owned water wells. As the graph shows,
· water levels since the City assumed ownership of the system, have
steadily risen an average 'of approximately 60 feet. Several factors
have been attributed to the rise in such levels. The Kern River, a
major contributor to the local groundwater basin, has been flowing
above average for 5 of the last 8 years. Also the introduction of
imported water from the California Aqueduct to the area has con-
· tributed to the water level rise.
Future Deficiencies
There-will be no deficiencies in water supplies to the system.
As mentioned before, the City is in the advanced planning stage of
· eXtracting City stored groundwater and bringing it into the pre-
sent service area. The program will satisfy future requirements
through the year 1995.
The groundwater aquifer, which the City derives its supply
from is a very high yielding aquifer that benefits from ground-
water re-charge efforts of Kern River water' and imported state
water~ The City's service area is in close proximity to the Kern
River channel, the channel being a major r.echarge facility that
enhances the local groundwater supply.
24
ADDITIONAL WATER SUPPLIES
· General System Expansion
The City foresees continued grswth throughout the greater
Bakersfield area and especially in the service area of the City
water system. Additional water supplies will be needed to meet
· the growth and population increases. These supplies will be met
with additional groundwater wells as needed during expansion and
the stored groundwater importation plan through the year 1995.
The good aquifer source is limited by economical pumping depths
rather than withdrawn quantities. Additionally, to note, the
City's future expanded service area will be in areas that have
· been under intensive agricultural use, thus a "trade" in the
type of use of water will take place.
The City owns Kern River water rights and presently has
contractual commitments for this water. However, at the end of
the contract periods, the City has an option on the use of this
· water. Present City policy is, at the end of the contract periods,
that disposition of the water will be to the benefit of the
citizens of the City of Bakersfield.
Wastewater Reclamation
· The City does not foresee full wastewater reclamation as a
viable alternative for future supplies to the system. The City
of Bakersfield currently operates two wastewater .treatment plants,
that provide secondary treatment 'of the wastes, and ultimate dis-
posal is that the water is used for direet irrigation. Removal
of the wastewater .to irrigation would force the existing agri~-
· . cultural lands that depend on the wastewater'supply to resort to
groundwater pumping.
EXchange or Transfer of Water
Direct exchange or transfer of City water system production
· . with other water system operators can and has been done to a very
limited degree through inter-connection between adjacent water
purveyors. However, on an expanded plan, the water service com-
panies and districts derive their sources of'water from the same
groundwater aquifers, therefore, no "new" water is created.
· A long-range study plan could benefit all purveyors of water
in the greater Bakersfield area. The plan would mainly address
capital facilities required to transfer existing supplies, not
alleviate long term shortages or future expansion.
· 26
Management of Water Pressures and Peak Demands
· The City system service area is of low relief topography and
present system size allows the system to operate under one
pressure zone. The system of direct delivery groundwater pump,
as well as storage tank delivery boosters, are operated on de-
mand to provide adequate flows and pressures to meet peak demands,
fire flow requirements, and normal day to day service.
Incentives to Alter Water Use Practices
Previous chapters of this text have expounded on on-going
programs to encourage water conservation through handouts, bill
inserts, and other public education methods. Water conservation
· kits, building codes and municipal ordinances are also contri-
butory factors to water conservation to the City system.
The basic incentive to City system customers who are judi-
cious in their use of water, recorded by means of metering, and
determined by financial incentive through a lower water bill.
Public Information and Educational Programs to Promote Wise Use
and Eliminate Waste
The current programs for public information as outlined in
the previous chapters has proven successful and well received by
· customers. ~In cooperation with the City's operations contractor,
the City would hope to expand these efforts as needed and oppor-
tunities open. .Items considered for possible future implementation
include the following, programs:
1. Cooperative ventures with various student (Boy/Girl
· Scouts) and adults (garden clubs, etc.) groups in
winning public support for conservation.
2. Water conservation contests involving schools in
developing' conservation slogans and public service
spot announcements for use during summer periods.
3.Special county awards for conservation efforts and
ideas.
4. Cooperative campaign with nurseries to promote low
water use plants.
Changes in Pricing, Rate Structures, and Regulation
The City is plannig a study to determine rates that will
maintain the financial integrity of the system, promote water
·
27
conservation, and provide for future expansion, replacement,
and maintenance of the system.
Regulatory changes could be adopted by the Bakersfield City
Council, and would be socially and economically sensitive. The
City feels the customer awareness through the metering and billing
information provides a deterrent to wastage, with the adopted
rules, regulations, and ordinances as back-up enforcements.
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Impacts
The recommended alternative water management practices
identified in the previously outlined plans have been evaluated
separately as to their environmental, social, health, customer
and technological impact.~ It has been determined that the al-
ternative practices as recommended do not create any adverse im-
pact as they relate to the criteria stated.
The associated costs of the alternative practices are min-
ima'l to the City, although through new pricing schedules or water
use 'limitations, the plans could have an adverse economic impact
to customers in the service area.
The City's dependency on groundwater for past, present, and
future (through 1995) water supplies can make .cost predictions
for alternative supplies fairly predictable. Of course, in all
water systems, cost of power is a major budgetary factor and power
costs are generally on the rise in the City service area.
The impact of groundwater recharge programs of the City and
from imported state water can have a moderating effect on power
costs by keeping water levels high.
The cost of imported water is shared by the taxpayers of an
· existing greater Bakersfield wJter district and the groundwater
pumpers within that district boundary pay a pump tax to also share
the burden of cost for imported water.
Costs for each acre-foot of water .produced vary with the
pumping depths throughout the City system. For each acre-foot
· not pumped (roughly the supply for one single family residence
for one year) an immediate $20.00 per acre-foot savings results
from pump taxes plus the power cost, estimated to average approx-
imately $40.00 per acre-foot for a combined average cost of $60.00
per acre- foot.'
· 28
The water conservation programs as described in this report
will no doubt generate some conservation on a voluntary basis, al-
though some revenue loss to the City could result. As an example,
the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California has water.
rates based on quantity usage, which ultimately required a rate
increase when water use was reduced in 1983.
·
29
I
/
A conservation kit ,
I
will helpcut downon ,
your indoor water ,
consumption. Get , ,
yours today~ ,
,'L; HOW ER FLOW /
~ESTRICTOR ... I /
Can reduce water flow as muCh I /
/ I
as 6 gallons per minute.
I I
'TOILET DISPLACEMENT ~ I
DOTTLES... ~ I
Can save you up to five gallons~ I
' I I
of water per day. I /
~',]ON-TOXIC DYE TABLETS... I I
Can find that toilet ieak'whichI I
wastes thousands of gallons. I .I
SAVING
SAVES YOU
'~ i' :..
.~: .. : ...~, , :
State of Califomi~ ..
~O~:,~:OKM~a~A~ ~O~mo~
::.
,::.~ :.
.. · · ~ ,, ~ . ~,
KERN RIVER WATERMASTER
ROOM 705, 1415 - 18th STREET
P.O. BOX 1195
September 12. 1985
StP
C!T'~' Or' BAKERSFIELD'
Randall b. Abbott, Director
P[annin9 and Development Services
Kern County Plannin9 Department
1103 Golden State Avenue
6akersField, CA 93301-2~99
Proposed Development at Hart Park
Your File: CUP q, Map 22-36
Dear Hr. Abbott:
It has come to my attention that your oFFice is processing
the a~'~q-~eFerenced~ conditional use permit For a
reoreationa!
deveZopmen~Hart Park For ~hich it is contemplated a
supply ~ill be provided From Kern River.
?he County's on]y r~9ht to utilize the Kern R~ver ~ater at
Hart Park is provided by the March 17, 193q a9reement between
the County and Kern County band Company and Miller and bux,
[nc. (copy a~tached). ! am ~ritin9 to Formally advise you that
use oF Kern River ~ater proposed For this private recreational
development at Hart Park is not permitted under that aoreement.
and ~hat any such development should no~ be constructed based
upon reliance oF any Kern River ~ater supply. [n this
connection, the [93q aoreement limits the County's use oF Kern
River mater For use in Hart Park bake and For "~rrioation" oF
the surroundin9 public park. Further, ~he aoreement provides
the ri9hts 9ranted thereunder are not to be assioned or
transferred to others.
We request that you provide a copy oF th~s letter to al!
parties ~ho may be'interested in th~s proposed development.
includin9 the developer. [F you ~ish to Further discuss this
matter, please contact me.
Very truly yours,
C. H. Williams
Kern River ~atermas~er
Enclosure: 193~ Agreement
Buena Vista Water Storage District
North Kern Water Storage District
Kern Delta Water Oistric~
A0:~'-..~,,ENT, "made ~nd entered into on thiB lVth
'day of=~ I,~rch_. .., ~....4, by .;n~ betweenC,~u.,~. OF ~;:~,~,
political subdivision of tho Str. te of Culiforni~ herein~ft~r
called the County, the party of thc first part, rnd ~.~.ILLZH &
L~(, i~'~C3~0:':..TLD~ a Nevada cor;:o~ation, and KLBN C.DU~TY Al:ND
panies, the parties of the second' part~. . ..
· WI T ~;~ S__S~T~_ .: '
THAT V~H~REAS, the County Is the o~er of all that portion
0f Section Z6~ Tov. nship 28 South, RanEe 28 East, ~o~t Diablo B~.se
and Hcridian~ lying South of Kern Hiver~ and all that portion of
the West half of the SouthweSt quarter {W~ of SW];) of Section
To~nship 28 South, ~an~e 29~s.:.tv ~ , lying ~'~est of Kern Hiver, an
aggreg..~te acre;~.~e of about 363. acres, used as a public park, ~,nd
dezirc~ to construct an~,. ~mint~in therein' a pond or lake of ~.bout
twenty (2'~) ~cres in ~-rea and to. divert w' ter from the Kern
to fill an~ maintain the said l~ce; and
~Er:EAS~ the Co=panies assert that they severally o~ or
control ancient water rights on the river~ both riparian and ap-
propria'tive, ~ud.. that one of the p~ties of the second part con-
'' .trols ~ lar-e n~bcr off appropriative right~ initiated
~870 and 18~3 ~',h~n ¢~e l~uds on v,~ich ~e headgates and ~iv¢rsion'
points ~;ere and are situate were public lands of the United St:'t. es
· ~d ~he lands-enbracin~ .th~. above described public park v;ere o~ed
by the State of C~.lifornia or were public [~ds of the United
1.[0W~ TH~E~;0,,~ in considor~tion of the pr~=tses ~n~ of
~he perfoi'~:mnc~ of the agree,:~nts of ~e Co,m~ty hereinafter con-
· rained, the Cea'panics hereby s~vsr~lly consent to the.use of a
pdrtion of thc water of Kern f{iver by the Couuty to form and main-
tain a l~e in said park of approximately twenty (20) acres in ar~a.
In conSid~r~tion of the ~:'for~ going consent, the County
a¢rees ~ each of the Compares severally as 'follows:
(a) To ~ill the lake initially durin~ the period
v~hen the flow off the river exceeds t'.~.enty-five hundred (2500)
second feet or ~t such. other tine when~ in the opinion of the
Companies, the lske may be filled v~thout depriving the agri-
c~t'~al int~rest~ of needed r~atcr;
~b) ..~ter the initial filling not to divert or
permit to be diverted from the river at mn.y time in excess of
a flow of fifteen (15) cubic feet per second;
(c) To discharge into the Kern River ~polluted ~nd
~dimini~ho~ in quantity (except '~ ~ -
. ,o. loss from n:~-tur~l
and evau~o~'ation f~'om "- - -
. t~,, lc. ke ~nd fro~ water consumc, a in th~
lrrig,'.t!on.of not to e;~ce.:~d ~ZG acres), all w::ter diverted from
, .v~x except the nm::unt noce.~'sary for t.he Inltlal flllinc
of ~e .lake; ,
. · -.. . (d) .Not ~o [lvort, or'to p~rnit anyone to divert,
'' "' any water from' th~ river in its co~se ~ough the said park
~. · , . /'..'..., . · ','. ?'
:.. or from the said lake other than for the purposes of said
"; '..' lake and/or for the irrigation of not to exceed 330 acres ,"~
,.'.":'~'~ ': :.."' .:.. of -.aid park;
" (e) To submit any plans for diversion-works for "
the
approval of the Chief gagiaeer of the ~[ern Co~ty Land
Company bcfor~ commencing th= constz'uction o~' such works;
(f) NOt t° assign or 'tr?nsfer a~y interest in . "~
said water .but to ret:in ~nd use th~ sa~ue only in ~e opera-
tion of s~id public pa~l',~ and public loj~e.
Nothing herein contr:tned shall be' deemed to be an ad- ~
mission by the County that the parties of the second part-, or either
of them, have ~ wa~er rights in said river~ and nothin~ ~cr~in con-
tzined or porfo~ed here~der by shy of ~e parties hereto shall af- --'
fect or change th~ pre~ent existing ws. ter richts, if cny, of the
spective pa~'''~ -~
.
IN Y:~_LE~ ~EOF, the Chairman 6f the Board of Super-
~sors of the Co-~uty of Kern has home.to, and to a duplicate and
triplicate befool', set the n~,~o of the said' County, and the Clerk
of the s~;id Board of Supervisors has sffixed the Co,~ty seal, put-
su~nt to a resoluti~m d~y adopted by the said Bo~rd of Supervisors
of s~id Comaty~ and thc C,_~ .... es hsve here~to, ....
dupliOate ~.X triplicate hereof, caused their-respective corpors te
. names to be subzcribed ~nd the~ respective corporate se::is to be
affixed by their p~ope~ officers ~e~e~to duly authorized, the ds, y .
~d year first above m~itten. .
(Se~l or the Co~ty) b~ ~,t; ~ /~ ..'
" of ~e Board of Suoer-
MILLF~ ~ L~ IN~O,,.ORAT,.D,
· a cori:oratlon,
K~iN COMITY L~,D CO :: A..Y,
· . ~ CO~i)or .
' ~:'~" ' (Corporate . "' '. "';"' ~" -~ ~ "
Se~l)
NORTH' KERN WATER STORAGE DISTRICT
1415 - 18th STREET, ROOM 705
BOX 1195
BAKERSFIELD. CALIFORNIA 93302
{aoli) 325.3116
September 12, 1985
?0: KERN RIVER GROUP
RE: County FEIR, CUPeU - Hart Park
Gentlemen:
Attached are suFFicient portions oF the Kern County
Planning Department's subject EIR to indicate to you the
direction From which the "Western Water World" developers are
coming.
My cursory comments are~
p~qe~ 3. 30 and 53 recite County revenues From the Project.
Paqe U notes that the groundwater is not the source oF water
For the Project. Page q also suggests that direct Sierra
snowmelt is source oF deeper 9roundwater. I suggest it is more
probably connate water which was trapped in the soil during
earlier 9eolo9ic periods which would explain the diFFerent
chemical character or this water.
Paqe 37, Section 3a.l.1 indicates the groundwater, iF used, is
Fed by Kern River.
Pag~s q and 37 indicates the shallow groundwater as having
9ood quality which Further indicates the Kern River source.
Pa~e 5 identifies drillers lo9s as attached and are not.
Pa~e 6 incorrectly identifies City H & I customers as merely
replacing agriculture.
Pa~e 6 identifies quantities oF water and "guaranteed aIiotment
oF 7,000 gallons per hour" or 188aF/year. Pumps can produce
2.67 cFs (12009pml. Storage is 521,000 9aliens (1.6aF).
Graph - Has no ordinate description so it is confusing as it
suggests, For example, the average Hay Kern River unregulated
Flow is 92,030 cFs.
Pa~e 16 and 57 suggests a broken water line Feeds the existing
pond shich is not in use.
Pa_qe 37 indicates backwash From Filters ~ill be dumped into the
canals.
Paqes 37 and 5q restate project water service to come directly
From County Facilities.
~ indicates we can expect trash Flow in Kern River to
quadruple,
In your review you may Find more thoughts. Homever, me
should take spec~.Fic action. Attached For your review is a
draft letter to the Kern County Planning Director as prepared
at my request by Ernest Conant. Also, there is a letter to
Fred Simon, under whose supervision the EIR mas prepared. My
purpose is to chide him For his oversights oF the reality oF
our existence and to again--I am sure we requested the same,
Four or Five years ago--to inform us oF what is going on. At
least I believe me should be aFForded the same courtesies as
the Sierra Club and Audubon Society.
Finally, as a suggestion me may mish to consider:
SpeciFically amend the 193q agreement to permit the use but to
put a royalty on the service oF, say, 10¢ per person attending.
IF so, then using the EIR text and Table V-5, there will be
238,700 attenders at some point in time which I assume
coincides mith the County receiving better than $1.00 per head
For the $300,000 per year cited on page 53. The Figure used
should be . protected by applying an ~nFlation index. The
revenue could be used to a} oFFset annual Miller-Haggin
expenses such as 0 & H oF the metering stations as well as the
snow surveys and bi iF any left over, could purchase surplus
SWP or CVP water For storage in the 2800 acre area to generate
an "H & I" pot From which to oFFset these water withdrawals
From the Kern River interests.
Let me know your thoughts before Wednesday, September 18,
1985 so me can pursue this timely.
Very truly yours,
C. H. Williams
Engineer-Manager
CHH:ak
NORTH KERN WATER STORAGE DISTRICT
1415 - 18thBOX 1195STREET' ROOM 705 JJ[ [~--'/~IC C '~1~ ~ V ~'J["~'
8o5, BEP 6
CITy OF DAKERSFIELD
September 13, 1985
Hr. Fred Simon
County oF Kern
Planning Department
1103 Golden State Avenue
BakersField, CA 93301-8q99
RE: FEIR, CUPeq, Hart Park, Western Water World
Dear Fred:
I appreciate obtainin9 a copy of the subject FEIR, I
Found it quite interestin9 but note what appears to be a total
lack oF understandin9 on the part oF the authors as to what
"water rights" are available to the proponents oF the project.
Apparently there was no effort to check this out by reFerrin9
to the County--Kern River water ri9ht holders a9reement dated
Hatch 17, 193q or with anyone directly involved on the River.
We did note reference was made to the 1975 City of
BakersField's EIR regardin9 the acquisition oF Kern River water
From Tenneco Nest, Inc. which report includes a copy oF the
193q agreement. A copy is hereby attached For your ready
reference, bess there be confusion, the Kern County Nater
Agency does not represent nor communicate with us. You should
communicate directly with us.
I propose that after reviewing th'is with your staFF and
proponents you consult me, so we might have a meeting to
discuss the Water Norld proposal and how we might mutually
satisfy our needs.
As another aspect oF this, I would once again like to
request that any matter which comes before you ~hich relates to
Kern River and/or its canal systems be sent to me as Kern River
Watermaster at the address on this letterhead. I will then see
to it that the others involved are informed. By copy of this
Hr. Fred Simon
September 13, 1985
Page 2
letter to Hr, Abbott, I make the same request oF the balance oF
the Kern County Planning Department, IF you require additional
information, please let me knom,
Very truly yours,
C. H. Nilliams
Engineer-Hanager
CHW:ak
Enclosure: 195q Agreement
cc: Randall Abbott, Kern County Planning Director
Buena Vista Water Storage District, Harold Russell
City oF.BakersFie]d~.~.Nater Resources Dept,, Gene Bogart&
Kern 'Delta"Nater District, Gil Castle
Hacienda Water District, Tom Clark
SUMMARY
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This is a proposed water-related amusement park located within Hart Park~ a
regional recreation facility. It is located in a' portion of Section 36, T28S,
R28E, northeast of Bakersfield. The project is proposed to include various water
thrill rides, concessions, miniature golf course,,and parking lot on an 18-acre
portion of the park.
ENVIRONMENTAL SEI'FING
· ~epth~to!.: groundwater at'..si.:'d:i':i!~.il.t$1'~abOu: :100 '.. feet ~iii~'i:~ipa'rk' wate~.:.ilsource i s the./ Kern
'i,Rl~!.g]v-~from'whlch water ls-:'pum~d~:'tO.~i!~tOra:g'e:tanks~on'ihills above .the park~ The
park is in the Kern River watershed; subdrainage basin is a 60-acre area. Site
is seismically active; a subsurface inferred fault crosses under the site.
Ancient landslides ~have occurred south of the site. No known mineral or
petroleum resources exist on site; soils are Delano-Cuyama Association, Class
III. Climate is typical of the southern San Joaquin Valley. Kern County is a
nonattainment area for carbon monoxide. Site vegetation consists of grasslands
and park lands. Portions of project area have naturalized while other areas are
maintained park. A wide variety of plant materials exist on site, including
donated trees. Wildlife is similar to riparian zones. Noise sources come from
existing water-related facilities, traffic, and other park noises. The site
contains a variety of visual views and is rated Class I, Visual Significance.
Hart Park is a 370-acre part of a larger regional facility of 1,400 acres. No
residential units exist in the park; residential developments exist east of the
site and north of the river. Present traffic flows on Alfred Harrell Highway is
2, 450 west of the park and 2,050 east of the park. The
a part of project area to the applicants and receives about
Site is patrolled by park rangers; Kern County Fire Department provides fire
protection Wat~l§~r, Jshed..to~<~the~!-,~ite~b~e.i~~an existing Septic
tank provides for sewage disposal. About 33,000 kwh of electricity is used
monthly by the existing water facility. The existing monuments from service
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT x
SECTION I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1 GENERAL LOCATION AND LEGAL DESCRIPTION
A water-related amusement park is proposed just west bf the east entrance to Hart
Park, northeast of Bakersfieldj The. project is located within Section 36,
Township 28 South, Range 28 East, MDB&M; south side of Alfred Harrell Highway on
County-owned property. The legal description for the conditional use permit and
lease of County property is included in the Appendix of this report.
1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The following description is submitted by the applicant for the project:
Principally, the project is recreational in nature. It focuses on a
water theme park which incorporates various water-related amusements
and recreational facilities. Principal' amusements within the project
will consist of a water slide; a water thrill ride known as the
"Rampage"; a water thrill ride known as the "Speed Slide"; a childrens
and young adults shallow activity or play pool; a larger pool to accom-
modate all ages which generates a rolling wave and is known as a "Wave
Pool"; a tube ride which is intended to imitate, on a smaller scale, a
ride down the river rapids; a small activity pool for bumper boats; a
miniature golf course; an arcade; and related food/concession areas.
The project area, inclusive of parking and facilities, will require
approximately 18 acres. For the past three years the Company has had
an existing facility on a portion of the site and is currently under
lease as to 3.8 acres. The majority of the project location will be
utilized with water pools to accommodate the various activities,
natural.landscaping, walkways and some structures, including those that
exist at this time. The parking area will consist of adequate spaces
as required by codes and regulations. At its peak it is estimated that
the project will accommodate 600-700 parking spaces. The project will
WESTERN WATER t4flRI Il FNVIRONMENTAL ItlPACT' REPORT P~nP 1
employ, in its final completed state, approximately 80 people.. This
will be comprised principally of two shift personnel numbering 35 to
each shift and then necessary management and supervision on a shift
basis. Currently operating hours are anticipated to be 11:00 a.m. to
9:00 p.m. Monday thru Friday and 10:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. on Saturdays,
Sundays and Holidays.
1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The applicant Offers the following narrative to describe the proposed objectives
of this project:
Historically, this area of the park has been used as a water related
recreation site. In its early periods, it progressed from a lake or
ponded area'to a large general public swimming pool with related bath
houses, restrooms and supporting structures. For unknown reasons this
area was eventually abandoned as to accommodating water recreation in
the pool and the associated structures underwent a great deal of
deterioration.
The original concept as designed by the initiators of this park was to
provide a people's playground. The objective of this project is to
expand upon the existing recreational facilities being provided, and to
provide our community with a wholesome, water oriented facility de-
signed to accommodate all ages and principally to provide family
entertainment. It is important to note that the scope and scale of
this project was designed specifically for our community. It was not
intended to imitate a "Disneyland" or "Magic Mountain", but rather to
be appropriate for the needs of a community and county of our size.
The project, in its final design, will utilize to the greatest extent
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT Page
possible the natural terrain of t)~e area and not interfer with, or
inhibit, the use of surrounding areas.
From an economic standpoint the project is intended to, obviously
develop a profitable enterprise. The community at large, and the
County in particular, will benefit greatly from an economic standpoint
in that the utilization of this land will provide estimated large
revenues in the fora of lease payments. Over the
project in its current form has Rr~9).~.j~.h..e..ii~9.~j~j.~..h..~).~.~_~..g] of
revenues. A :,~Q~!d0ry benefit is that it
upkeep.and.?~mai~te~ce....;;required.i~.~to maintain this area of the park
because this now becomes the responsibility of the project.
Environmentally, the project was designed to be an enhancement to the
existing area and is the principal reason for the use of water oriented
' ,.~i~-
amusements and facilities Such
F-~,
~ ..................... ..... ~~j. ,~ ;~ q ~i~'~;j~I~~:~ ~,~ ...............
,i' From a safetY standpoint, one of the intended rides (River Rapid Ride)
will provide an atmosphere for a broad spectrum of people to safely and
in a controlled atmosphere experience the fun of riding down river
rapids. Well designed and well positioned illumination will also
provide a necessary safety element which currently does not exist
within the park in general. The continued refurbishment and enhance-
ment to an area which was originally intended to accommodate the
general public {i.e., the County recreation pool, bath houses, etc.)
will, in our opinion, be a welcome addition to the community.
The following pages contain figures noting the region, location, site setting,
and proposed layout, and tables illustrating attendances and facilities.
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT Page 3
PROJECTED ATTENDANCE
AND PEAKING CHARACTERISTICS
(YEARS ONE THROUGH FIVE)
Operating Year
One Two Three Four Five
Projected Attendance 107,400 238,700 298,400 343,200 360,400
Peak Month (% Annual) 29% 29% 29% 29% 29%
Peak Month (Number) 31,146 69,223 86,536 99,528 104,516
Peak Day (Number) 1,690 3,760 4,700 5,404 5,674
Length of Visitor Stay 2:00 3:40 4:00 4:15 4:30
Peak In-Grounds (% Day) 40% 61% 65% 65% 65%
Peak In-Grounds (Number) 676 2,294 3,056 3,512 3,688
Peak Arrival Hour (Number) 202 752 940 1,080 1,134
Peak Departure Hour
(Number) 170 602 752 864 908
Source: Leisure and Recreation Concepts, Inc.
SECTION II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
2.1 WATER RESOURCES
i
l~j~.~§'i~:i.to groundwater at the site is estimated to be approximately~'OO~f~'~(~'~
PU~n!p~d :~,[~, ~.t..he..,i:j Ke. ro ~-Ri ver~, and.;;,~s~;ored'~: ) n ;.~wo tan ks: a bo ve,',:J;lie ::;/, proJ e,ct.','s ~ t~e~.
See Surface Hydrology for further discussion on water supply.
Geohydrologic studies performed for projects adjacent Hart Park present a
groundwater picture similar to the project site.
Groundwater in the Hart Park area originates from large watershed areas to
the east which drain into the Kern River and flow westerly. On-site precip-
itation and some surface runoff from the surrounding hills also contribute
to the groundwater resources underlying the area.
The large watershed areas to the east, which feed the Kern River, are
located predominantly in the Sierra Nevada MoUntains. Rather rapid runoff
occurs from these mountains during late fall and early winter; however,
during spring, a slower and more constant runoff results from the melting of
the snow pack which accumulates during the months of January, February, and
March. Thls'"~6n's't~a'iit'"..~'~noff,,dur~ ng ',the
al luvtum, ":terra~'~"de~'~tltS'?:~'nd'Kern ' Rive.r.i...rFo~mation to provide ..~'~groundwater':)~:';
resources along the
There are basically two groundwater reservoirs underlying the area. There
is vertical continuity, but the quantity of water, which may be produced
from each, and the quality may vary. The first is the ,~al. o~:;.wa~e~) This
water can be found from very~Q~'a~/~.'~.~he:~'su~face:~o.~a,~deDth~?of~about,~,~7~,~feet~
~,: ~uan t ty"of,.water~,~ava! 1 ab
~fia~;~e'~'d nd ~.~':, :'reservo i
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT Page 4 ~
Data from water well's in the vicinity and well,~d~jL)J~§.i~;~j~og,~that were
ava i 1 able are :)8~e
Water quality data was limited. Total dissolved solids in water wells west
of Hart Park range from 410 to 3,103 ppm. In one well, iron content was
high. CaCO3 content was approaching medium hard, and hydrocarbon content
was also high. Several wells in the area have heavy sulfide odors.
The information obtained indicates the quality of the water in the general
area ranges from very poor to good. The poorest quality water seems to be
located north of the River. Th~zgr,o. un.d,.~ate.r.. ~,,f~.g~,~....qu.a].ity .ln.,ithe,_gener.~)
~area can be' found nea.r_.~(within, 200.~,.,feet}~.the:,K, eKn.?RtVer.~ This water may be
high in iron and total dissolved solids, but would most likely be acceptable'
as domestic water.
A sulphur spring existed near the tower structure for the existing water
slide. That spring has been cased with water directed to the pool and park
for irrigation.
2.1. ~" Surface. Hydro.!
The Kern' is located about 200 feet','northerlyof 'the project sitO.
River.
Located west of Hart Park, and downstream from the site, is the First Point
of Measurement. This point provides records of stage and stream flow on the.
Kern in the Bakersfield area and has been published by the U.S. Geological
Survey since 1893, when the Kern County Land Company established the gauging
station.
Water Supply. The use and sale of Kern River water for domestic and agri-
cultural purposes is a matter of historical record.
-by the City of Bakersfield from Tenneco West, Inc., in Settlement of Litiga-
tion'' (.~_9.~.~).r In summary, much of the land within present day Bakersfield
IWESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL 'IMPACT REPORT Page 5
was once croplands irrigated by water from the Kern River. The rights to
those waters were owned by Kern County Land Company and its subsidiaries,
which rights became Tenneco West's and its subsidiaries when Kern County
Land Company was purchased by ~FennecO.
.... ~ ~',~.:~,~ ' ." ~:" .~ ~¥~,' ~ - :~',~¥.-~ ~?!~, ..... '~,,~:~ '. ........... '~::~ ?:' "~'" '"'":?= ..... .... r,~' '
,~ ........ r.~undwatee-, to serv~ ,, t ts ,,custmers ,,,~whl le ~the ,:., ~t vee, .rt g hts.,water,- ,was ~stt11~
I'
belpg,~used...,for:~tre, tgatton. In 1970, the City initiated litigation against
Tenneco and other parties for their interest in Kern River water supply.
Settlement resulted in the City acquiring those rights.
Because of this action and other water right allotments, individual parcel
utilization of Kern River water may ~qt, zbe,perm!tted~.~
h~. a guaranteed allotment of' 7,000.,~..9.~.llo.__n_~_per~ hour'(gph) i,for useS'?at" H'ari~
1 ocated on the ?~.east.: $i de o f... Hart Park. ~*' ::<The,~e~'p~umps, 'rated. :~ at"15 :;and
horsepower ,' can ..prov i de r. Up '.'to ,1, 200 'ga 11 OhS per.'A t n'~'F.?wl'~h 47
above ,;.'t-he..:.PrOjeCt'S" :.~ar~a~j' bUlk ~ .'barrels {bbl ) of. water~.for~
untreated use and 10~000 bbl..fO~Td6~e'Stic use... . .Thl s .SupP)Y? furnishes .
the. d.~n..~.~g ~Lj;' ~an:i tary~F..i rtl gati on,.};.;:and ,. recreati on 'uses' 'In" the park. '.
-presen~.,.F'.~.~'.~he..':~:{,applicant.' 'USes '. about' .'30,000 gallons to start up the'water
slides.and another 30,000 'gallO~s/seaSon'to 'replace lost water (evaporation,
splash). Domestic use is estimated at one acre-foot .per year. "When the ..~
stte"~iS closed at the end of the season, all water ts washed into Hart Park..:
Lake and returns to the Kern River. ~
Floods and Flood Control. The Kern River Basin lies in Kern and Tulare
Counties, at the southern end of the Sierra Nevada and San Joaquin Valley.
The River originated in groups of glacial lakes near Mount Whitney and has
two principal tributaries -- Kern River and South Fork Kern River. Several
less significant tributaries flow' into the River above and below Isabella
Reservoir as well as flowing into the Lake. Reference the FEIR for "Forma-
tion of Kern River Valley Coneunity Services District" (1982) for specific
hydrologic data in that region. Except for the intramontane valley in which
Isabella Reservoir is located, the River and its tributaries flow through
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT Page 6
I~1
· ' · : · ' . ~ , · '.'~::.'~ ,'..-, :::: ...... I-' . .. , . · ,~-:' · ~ ·
, , :l ; ' 0.'.. :: ..... .. :::::..... ..... ' ....... , , , i, , · . . r .... r' ..... · · , ' '
i ~<~ ....... ~ ....... '.'-' ........ · ......... .-, ....... ::-. · ....... ~ 1
.... · ~ ,.:.: '. :: :.'::: ...~ ........ ... :r .' .. ........ . ...... .~:, :... ~.. :..: ... :::::!:..~...., ..............
JAeN F~ MAI~ /:tPR I~Y JU~I jLI. AI~ S~-P 0~r N~Tv OEC.
~.~[lg,~sources ;'.:or ~] ~a k~ :?~m.. ':'::,~' omestj ~e r:;,~] ! ~e u~¥=bou~;':800 :~'~eet
attached figures show the location and plant names of materials at the site.
2.6.1 Donated Trees
The unique history of this Kern River Park has involved the support and
interest of a number of community groups and organizations. Twenty three
groups contributed trees to the early plantings of the park in the period
between 1920 and 1930. They are listed on the following page.
Many of the donated trees are alive to~ay and providing shade and a restful
setting for park visitors. Others of the donated trees have not adapted to
the specialized soil conditions, low humidity, and/or other conditions over
the past 54 years and have gradually been replaced by the park staff with
more appropr.iate tree species. Those donated trees on the project site that
have not adapted to the park setting include:
Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens
Monterey Pine Pinus radiata
Monterey Cypress Cupressus macrocarpa
California Laurel Umbellularia californica
Magnolia Magnolia species
Silver Maple Acer saccharinum
Arborvitae Thuja occidentalis
Arizona Cypress Cupressus funebris
(Some of these trees have adapted well in other parts of the park.)
Some of the remaining trees of the species cited above are in a weakened
condition with a number of dead branches.
j UESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT Page 16
Alfred Harrell Highway is a two-lane road through Hart Park. West of the park is
constructed to freeway status. To the east, the road is two lanes on a right-
of-way of sufficient width for four lanes. The road is a major highway on the
County Circulation Plan; it is also a scenic highway on the County Scenic Highway
Element. Through the park, Alfred Harrell Highway carries a maximum 25 mph speed
limit with a carrying capacity of 500 passenger cars per lane on a two-lane road
and 1,500 per lane on a four-lane road.
No bus routes through the site. Although no bikeways exist in the park,
pass
bicycle use in the park is quite popular. Park roads have been used for on-road
bi~ycl e races.
2.13 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The project site is owned by the County and, therefore, is not subject to
proper-
ty tax contributions. The present water park facility is on property leased from
the County on a five-year term beginning May 15, 1980, with two five-year op-
tions. The leasee payment to the County is as follows:
5% of gross from May 15, 1980, through May 31, 1981
6% of gross from June 1, 1981, through June 31, 1982
6.5% of gross from July 1, 1982, through June 31, 1983
7%"~'~f~,gross'.'from,?Ju!Y~l, 1983,,.~through'June'31,':1985'~
As a result of these percentages,· the County has received $47,703.61 in revenue
from the existing water park facility through August 1983 (September 1983 rental
had not been received at the time of writing). The following lists yearly
breakdown of.gross revenue and County payment:
Year Gross Revenue Cgunty Receipt
1980 $ 60,767.00 $ 3,449.17
1981 233,195.00 14,980.70
1982 222,053.00 15,522.27
1983 {through August) 176,252.00 13,751.47
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT .~. Page 30
~,~]ocated~o e~,:.~ I t~OU~.,~Of..,.~he~, .~ro]e~ e. Water is
then
9rarity fed to the var4ous uses tn the park.
.. 2,15,z Sewage Disposal
~sposal of ~e~a~e efflueng from the ex~t~n~ facility ~s by mean~ of a
septic tank and leach f~eld ~7~te~ located near the north entry to the
lhe 640-cuMc-foo~ tank can hold approximately 4,700 ~allon~ of l~qu~d
effluent, :'.Itz.,,.is' 'estimated "that'/!';500 gallons, are dis~sed.~ail~,
.- 2.15.3 Solid Waste
Solid ~a~te ~ collected by the County every other day and deposited at the
~ County's China ~rade kandfill facility. It ~s 1,600
estimated
that
cubic
yards of refuse is collected during the three- to four-month period the
water facility park is open.
2.15.4 Stom Water Drainage
No facilities for collection of runoff exists within the park or in the
existing water park area. Runoff is allowed to percolate into the ground or
flow into the Kern River.
2.16 ENERGY
Utilities are furnished to Hart Park and the project area by Pacific Gas and
Electric Company (electricity) and Pacific Telephone Company (telephone). No
natural gas, propane, or other gas source is used on site. It is estimated that
33,000 kwh of electricity is used monthly by the water park facility during peak
months and only minimal amounts (about 100 kwh) during months of closure.
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT .... Page 32
SECTION IIIa. THE SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
3a.1 WATER RESOURCES
3a.1.1 Groundwater Hydrology
Although the Project p oposa$".;!.use of County'water::'~::"from the Kern Rtv~ and
i~pt..'.groundwater(.~.:!i?.$igniflcant amounts of.~.?ieffluent~ will be placed in the
ground through sept. lc.:~:tank%?.'aiSPOsal'~"methods.-) It is estimated that the
amount of wastewater for disposal will be about four.~,.'ttmes present' dtSchai-~g'~)
c)pacity or about..6,0OO"gallons per. day (~resent rate estimated at 1,500
gpd}. In addition, the facility will probably operate from ~i~d-May. tqm'
· .:~,l. drSeptember 'or. about.120 day$~ this means total estimated domestic waste
disposal is 180,000 gallons. In addition, ~.~]:~r~.Packwashln9 '~o'f~.propose~
~n,..d.s....,.~lif disposed through the septic system,
'backwashlng'"a$ :'W'ell~!as"Pool'' drainage will be by disposal directly into Hari~
~iPark:Canal and Lai{e;)' Disposal of sewage effluent may significantly affect
local groundwater determined to be approximately 100 feet below surface.
:i!This:' aqUtfer.'ls' fed - bY ~.the'~!' Kern River4 Any improperly treated effluent may
result in degradation of the Kern River reservoir.
3a.1.2 Surface Hydrology
While the project is not located in an area prone to severe flood, it is
located up slope of the bulk of Hart Park. Any runoff due to precipitation
or irrigation will result in additional surface flows across the proposed
site to Alfred Harrell Highway and into the park. The project will create
about 14 acres of impervious surfaces, including parking lot, recreation
areas, walkways, patios, and structures. This will result in a runoff of
about 100 cfs across the site and toward the park.
~i(:ant proposes':to:d~.s~se'pool .waters¥.by dis osal:.lpto canals,.and
wi th ~human. bodt es ,.~, dt sposal.,~As: siat~ at.,~ ~to.~ dl Sposal
~.~) ! .~ requ!.Ke.~sPectal-Jf(tteatmen~,~.~j g~eq'~&'~tlY~;~"~per!od!
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT .... Page 37
~!~o~u~'proper.?d~spo$~l:~;afegu;l~$:~ Further, the turbulance and turbidity
caused at outflow points may cause significant scouring of canal and lake
banks resulting in sedimentation in these areas. Disposal of pool water may
also increase canal and lake water temperatures at point of disposal
especially if pool water has been heated,
rocesses ~O~.'.~ne~cana~ ~'~'ana'*'~a~e at'point o~ ~*dlsposa~ ~ ~dttlonal 1 y,~shoul~
of water, occur during peri ods ~Of'*low fl
~:~?uld,back up'~to:"'th'e:~'p~mps furnishing water to the park. ~ Evapotranspiration
rate of the project area may be reduced due to elimination of soil and plant
surfaces by about 14 acres.
'?P'~ject ts to be served :by County. waterrsupply~ intake, facil, i
'River, .Those facilities' 'we~ damaged'during the'1983 flood season.~':~:~Stmtlar
dam)ge could dtsrupt..sarVtCe~:to proposed pr°ject,
3a.2 GEOLOGY
The project area, as with the southern San joaquin Valley, is subject to intense
seismic activity. A subsurface inferred fault passes directly through the site.
This fault lies in the same orientation as the Edison Fault system. A 5.0 to 5.9
epicenter located about two miles southeast of the site was a result of earth
movement in 1952. The site is subject to intensity 8 Rossi-Forel. Development
of elevated structures and large ponds could result in significant seismically
induced damage from earth movement and seiche. The degree of seriousness would
depend on time of occurrence and design of structures.
Project geologist reports that ancient landslides had occurred on hillsides above
the site and noted a need to control groundwater seepage. Developer proposes a
maximum eight-foot cut and movement of an estimated 16,000 cubic yards of dirt.
This activity could result in additional landslides or slumping if to improper
stabilization and/or excessive irrigation occurs.
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT Page 38
Developer proposes 600 to 700 parking spaces for the facility. This figure
is based on the estimated peak in-ground attendance in Year 5 of 3,688 and
a
ratio of 3.5 persons per car. The developer also estimates that 75 percent
will arrive in vehicles (it is presumed that the remaining 25 percent will
come from persons already in the park). This results in a need for 728
parking spaces. In addition, 30 spaces will be required for employees (35
employees at 1.2 per vehicle). At Year 5, the park will have at least 58
fewer spaces than required. At worst case, with all park users needing
'
spaces, 1,060 (including 30 spaCes required for employee parking) spaces
will be needed. At worst case, the proponents propose 360 fewer parking
spaces than needed. Parking area proposed is to cover 6.1 acres for the 600
to 700 car parking lot. Based on 405 square feet per vehicle for parking,
the proposal lacks about 4 acres for necessary worst case parking. The
additional needed acreage would result in the loss of an additional four
acres of park land and existing improvements.
3a.12 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
The receipts received by the County for the existing lease is about $15,000 per
year. Assuming a '~i~9'e~'percent) of gross receipt for rental of site by the
County, revenues for the County could reach in',..exces$~of $300,000 by the.end
i~,~~h~year,~ Since the County owns the present site and no commercial use of
the property (except as noted) exists, it is difficult to determine monitary loss
should the 18 not be leased. Several factors must be considered by
or
gain
acres
the County to determine the economic benefit or lack thereof by leasing the site.
These include:
1. More rapid road deterioration caused by increased traffic.
2. Demands for fire protection on and off site.
3. Demands for increased sheriff protection resulting in the need for
additional officers.
4. Loss of free public park land.
5. Administrative costs.
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT Page 53
3a.13 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Development of the project will require additional social services.
3a.13.1 Law Enfocement
Kern County Park Rangers provide necessary services. However, it is esti-
mated by the Kern County Sheriff that increased personnel will be needed on
the basis of one officer per 1,000 persons. Deployment of additional
officers would be geared to demands. For example, peak in-ground numbers of
3,688 in the fifth year would require 3.7 {say 4) additional on-duty
officers.
3a.13.2 Fire Protection
Hart Park personnel provide some fire protection. While the potential
intensity of fires should not increase, the frequency will place additional
demands on the ~park as well as County and City fire fighters.
3a.13.3 Medical Facilities
Although necessary medical needs can be found in Bakersfield, the increased
use of the site will result in increased demands for first aid by County
Park, Fire, and Sheriff personnel as well as facility and emergency (i.e.,
ambulance) personnel.
3a.14 SERVICE SYSTEMS
Greater demands on certain service systems will be made.
~!14, X~:~:i.~wa'ter'. Supply'
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT .... Page 54 m
'~) _ 3a.14.2 Sewage Disposal .... ......... , .................... ~ ........ · ........ ~
The existing septic tank/leach line
P~esenL d~spos~l amounts of about ~:;~[.~600.. cubic .... yatd~ for the period of
operation would ~',;~'ut:~?6~4OO~"~bi'c'~:?~ardS'during full operation. This
refuse would not result in a s~gnificant acceleration for filling the County
facility, but may increase demands on County collection personnel and
equipment.
3a.14,4 Resources Recover~ Systems
The'?develoP'e'~']~]:~6"~'~"~':to"~eC~cle~wa~ which will minimize demands on water
, resource. No other recyclJng operation is proposed. This may result
loss of certain resources.
3a.15 ENERGY
It is estimated by the applicant that about 80,000 kwh of electricity will be
used monthly for the 18-acre site operation. This is an increase of about 250
percent over present use. Present County monthly use for Hart Park varies due to
pumping demands at different times of the year; however, the average monthly use
for 1982-1983 was 9,500 kwh for the 370-acre Hart Park with a high of 20,917 kwh
for July and a low of 1,985 kwh for March.
3a.16 ARCHAEOLOGY/NISTORY
Portions of the project area may have historical significance. The swimming
pool, rock wall lining the walk leading to the pool, the old fountain, and adobe
structures are historical resources that would be eliminated by construction of
this project. The monuments commemorating the granting of trees by service
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT .. Page 55
SECTION IIIb. MITIGATION MEASURES PROPOSED TO
MINIMIZE THE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS
3b.1 WATER RESOURCES
3b.1.1 Groundwater Hydrology
Sewage effluent disposal system will have to be designed to meet Kern County
Health Department standards. If septic systems are proposed to be used,
then a large tank will be required. Leach field size will be determined by
the filing of a soils report and classification of soil type per Uniform
Plumbing Code. It appears that at least 10,000 to 12,000 square feet of
leach area, preferably in a grassy area, will be needed. Leach fields under
paving requires at least 25 percent additional area. Any~sewage dlsposa!.~
have to"be 100 feet f'~;°m~':a'n~'~'Sprtng or~eep.
A thorough evaluation of site soils and groundwater potential is needed
since it is known that a sulphur spring exists on the east side of the site
~?!.~..~..~seep,,..e~her~.~..from.a spr.i)!g O~.~.,~.)e~k~Qg.pip~, is evident on the south
side of the old pond. In both cases, development must include draining,
capping, or casing these water sources and redirecting away from the project
Water from these sources should be used for irrigation in order to
area.
reduce dependency on pumped water.
Development of waste discharge requirements by the State Regional Water .
Quality Control Board may be necessary for disposal of sewage effluent as
well as for drainage and backwashing of pools.
Th~!~,! C'~U~'ty" sh~Uld ~ ......
consider'- requt ring
L~e~Q ~. fac t 11 ty ,.~ ~' wht ch' COu ld :!',,~. '~ '! USed.~'.i ~for~ i.baC kwa Sh ':. ', flows': a s~"~'~i.:~be 11 · a S'~':~.~ewa ge
~tes ~'::~'.~:,Treated watar "60uld be'~'Used"~for':~it~rrtgati°n ~instea~t~' of ~'betng" Pla~ed
il! ~,~the .par~... canal s 'and ~i1 a kes
3b.1.2 Surface Hydrology
A method of disPOsal for on-site runoff is required. This system should
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT Page 57
consider use of shallow depressions in the landscaped areas of the proposed
project. This would allow for percolation of water into the basin aquifer.
Capacity of approximately two acre-feet for percolation will be required.
As an alternative c~.t. ch~ent~.::,,'~:~and.,d~sposal".'~of'~runoff.,:,waters ~tllto-'tlle'Park
..~.¢Qn, a! :~,~:.~ystem ..: cou! d ~c'~be =,j ~.~ons idered, ~: ...:..Thi ~. would i ncl ude deve! opment: ~ .'a~
~urface..and ..subsu~fa~..drainage'L.:,Syst~ directing runoff to '~..the canals.:oK~
,Developer may have to secure waste discharge requirements from the Regional
Water Quality Control Board in order to.drain,~...pool.._waters lnto..the park
canals and lakes.,, This is due to potential impacts on downstream users of
water (i.e., I-D 4). Chlorine is used as a disinfectant in pool purifica-
tion and generally contains cyanuric as a stabilizing element; other addi-
tives (i.e., soda ash) are also used in.pool maintenance. Because of these
elements and the fact that the pools are essentially considered a "bath
tub," distilling basins should be used to neutralize the water. Standard
tests to determine chlorine and ph must show this neutralization of water
before disposal. In addition, chloroform and BOD tests should be run. In
any case~ water quality data must be reviewed and discharge standards
established for pool drainage and backwash. Stabilization of water must
include regulating temperatures to be the same as in canals and lakes into
which water will flow.
Once disposal is approved, the method of drainage must be also approved to
provide for a system that will not cause unregulated turbulance and will
minimize resultant turbidity. Outflow pipe improperly sited or constructed
canal and lake banks will result in accelerated scouring of the bank,
along
high amount of solids in the water and potential loss of aquatic life.
Design should include several outlets in various locations. Flow valves
should be manually operated at the outflow point to reduce flows if erosion
occurs. Drainage should not occur during periods when no or very little
water exists in lake and canals receiving outflow. This is to reduce
destruction of canal and lake banks caused by force of water.
Following 1983 flood damage to the water-intake facilities on the Kern
River, County representatives have stated that these facilities would be
WESTERN WATER WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT .... Page 58
WESTERN WATER WORLD WATER CALCULATIONS
~ EV APORATI ON ~ EV APORAT I ON :i
AREA AV~RAG~ :~:WATER~ ~- P~R DAY:' ~ :'RAT~. P~R DAY COMMENTS
DEPTH ~: CAPACITY~'~ (GAL/DAY) (GAL/DAY)
ATTRACTION ~FT2) (FT) ' _l~-~---- ISTATE. FORMULA_ ( AS CALCULATED)
Water Slide 1,090 2.5 19,655 211 245 Sump Included
Speed Slide 3,600 2.5 29,920 521 375
Water Play-
Ground 803 934
(Children" s) ' 4,0OO .83 24,834
Rampage 2,775 3,75 36,325 ~ 557 648
Wave Pool 17,500 3.65 477,785 5,514 4,084
Tube Slide 1,840 2.5 34,408 369 429 Surge Tank Included
Remote 161 187
Boats _ 800 .83 _ 4.967 _ - -- ""
WESTERN WATER
WA~,.ER CALC ,ULATIONS
Definition of Term~
E = evaporation, ft. per day
B = means barometer reading, inch of mercury at 30°F
¥ = means velocity of ground wind or water surface wind, mill per hour
Es= means vapor pressure, in. of mercury
means vapor pressure of saturated air at temperature of dow point,
Ed= inch of mercury
wB 29.42 (512 ft. altitude) ~ 7 mill/hour
Es= 0.8744 inch of mercury at 75°F
Ed= 0.45205 inch of mercury at 56 dp
~ormula~
B-£0.771 (1.465- .018615B) (O.t~ + 0.~18 W) (~s- Ed.)]~' 12
E (State Formula) = (ft2 x .83 x 7.5) ¢ 31 = gal
Water CaPacity = Area x Depth = Ft2 x ft x ~..~Ygal~. = gal.
Evaporation rate per day '" area x E =
Ft2 x df~ x 7.48 ~al = ~al. ft3 day
~$mple Calculations
(0.8744. -
0.~520)
= 0.374 inch per 24 hours
= 9.37~ = 0.0312 ft. per 24 hours
12
Water Slide Water Capacity -
1.050 ft2 x 2.5 ft. x 7.48 gal. - 19,635 gal
ft3
Water Slide Evaporation per day = (1050 x .83 x 7.5) ; 31 - 211
Water Slide Evaporation Rate per day
1050 ft2 x 0.0312 ft ..... x 7.48 ~al = 245 gal_
'£A~LE V-5
DISTRIBUTION OF ATI'ENDANCE
N~nber Operating Days Monthly ~bta]. Attendance /2.
~Dnth Weekdays Weekend Days Attendance Weekdays Weekend Days Weekday Weekend Days
January ...... ,
February - - - ....
Ma~ ci~ .......
Apr il - 8 19,100 - 19,100 - ·
· May - 9 26,300 - . 26,300 -
June 20 9 47,700 22,440 25,260 t~1,122
July 21 10 69,200 31,600 37,600 ...1,504 · {.3~..760..:
August 18 8 50,100 23,740 26,360 . 1,318' ~;~3~295~
September - 11 16,700 - 16,700 -
October - 8 9,600 - 9,600 - ~i;'200<~ ' ·
November .......
December - ' ......
Total 59 63 238,700 77,780 160,920 N.A. N.A.
· /_1. Weekend or holiday day.
~2. Assumes attendance ratio of 2.5:1 = weekend (or holiday) day to weekday. Scl~e difference
due to rounding.
Source: Leisure and Recreation Concepts, Inc.
TABLE V-6
PROJECTED ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE PATTERNS
DURING DESIGN DAY ATTENDANCE CONDITIONS
(PHASE TWO)
Percent of Total Day Attendance
Arrivals Departures
Hou____r_r Hour Cumulative ~our Cumulative In-Grounds
10am-llam 10 10 - - 10
llam-Noon 14 24 1 1 23
Noon-lpm 20 44 2 3 41
lpm-2pm 16 60 4 7 53
2pm-3pm 10 70 12 19 61
3pm-4pm 6 76 16. 35 41
4pm-Spm 5 81 12 47 34
5pm-6pm 6 87 12 59 28
6pm-7pm 8 95 10 69 26
7pm-Spm 4 99 12 81 18
8pm-9pm 1 100 8 89 11
9pm-10pm - - 5 94 6
Closed - - 6 109 -
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Average peak weekend day during July/August.
Source: Leisure and Recreation Conceptst
2601 "0" St~:t [3ate Re:eive~: 10,/5~9
~%ecsfie. ld, d"lifoln~ 93301 Laboratory rio. :9170
Sample Description: IL~
BO~ESTIC ~ATER ANALYSIS
COrlSTITUENTS Parts/M~ 11 Ion OES[RABLE L~M[TAT[ONS
Calcium (Ca) 8.9 33 Med. Hard, 7~ Permissable
~gnesium (~g) 2.4 125.
Sod1 um (Na) ~2 350.
~ Potassium (K) ~.8 -
Carbonate (C~3) 0.0 25.
Bicarbonate (HC03) 65.8
Chlortde (Cl) 3.9 250 - 500 (600 short term)
Sulfate (S04) (-)0.~ 250 - SOO (600 short tern)
Nitrate (NO3) 0.9 45.
Fluoride (F) 0.19 1.O
Iron (Fei (-) 0.05 O. 3
Mang.~nese (Mn) 0.02 O. 05
Arsenic {As) (-)0.01 less than 0.05
Copper {Cu) (-)0.01 1.O
Zinc {Zn) (-) 0.01 5.0
MBAS {-) O. L 0..5
ss as CaC03 ~/~ ~.9 32.Z 200 ppm ~dium hard, 50-100 ppm very soft
Solids g 105°C 63 500 - lO00 (1500 ghort te~)
pH 7.3
?lectrical ~nductiv!ty 130
Hicromhos/cm (K x l0b) ~ 25°C gO0 - 1600 {2200 short tem)
I 15
~ ~le ~: 3.0
'urbidity 0.93 5.0 NT Units
arim (Ba) ·
~hromium
elenium ,~Se) 0.01
ilver (Ag) 0.05
L { BRaY
KERN RIVER WATERMASTER
ROOM 705, 1415 - 18th STREET
August 28, 1985
Mr. John J. King
Route 1, Box 176
Bakersfield, CA 93308
Dear Mr. King:
We read with interest the article about your home and water
company appearing in the August 22, 1985 issue of the ~
Californian.
So that'we may evaluate the effect of various diversions on
the flow of the Kern River and to insure that only rightful
owners of Kern River water are diverting such water, we would ap-
preciate your written response to the following questions by Sep-
tember 10, 1985:
(1) Wha~ is the nature of the "water right along the river"
which it is reported you have secured? Please provide any
documentation of these arrangements.
(2) What is the name of the water company which you operate
under to supply water to "nearby homeowners?"
(3) Approximately how many homeowners does this water com-
pany now supply and how many homeowners or other service connec-
tions does it expect to supply in the future? Please indicate
the parcels which you or your water company presently deliver
water to and any additional parcels you expect to service in the
future.
(4) Approximately' what quantity of water do you annually
deliver to such homeowners and what is the projected use in the
future?
(5) What is the water company's source of supply?
Mr. John'J. King
August 28, 1985
Page 2
Your prompt response to these questions would be most
appreciated.
Very truly yours,
C. H. Williams,
Kern River Watermaster
CHW:kp
cc: North Kern Water Service District
.City of Bakersfield~.Wate~Department~
Kern Delta Water District
Buena Vista Water Storage District
La Hacienda, Inc.
· ' Tulare Lake Basin Water Storage District
IMi Thurs., Aug. 22, 1985 ~ht~ ~tlitrr~firlh
.~ River retreat
?~. is actua
' ' "'"'"', his back y~d
~" · ~'. ~a~'~-. ~ SW~T
on ~e ~ch where ~ey ~ ~c
.? wa~r ~d ~k ~ ~e s~ ~ w~
But, ~o~ of mo~g 1~
c~, ~ m~ It r~ j~ a ~.
Jo~ King spent ~e past 11
~g ~t &~ ~ r~W. ~g
· e fly,acre ~s~s he cr~t~ ~d
Ke~ ~ver home ~ "cr~de ~."
"I was searc~ng for a pa~icula~
lifestyle," King said. "Something
~g, ~, ~d he &ways ~d
of own~g a home that was outdoo~
ph~e.
~, ~ 12 y~ ~ a ~er
Kern ~ ~ ~1 ~,
re~ ~d d~d~ ~ "~e a
~e." He p~ ~ a~ of ~dev~
o~ ~d ~ ~ ~v~t.
~drew ~n9 enjoFs a dip in t~e ~verside ~l bis father, John, s~d from t~e ~e~ Rive~ u~in9 roc~ ~e who r~ld m~ of ~e p~
~l~t~ over ~ ~ 1-7e~ s~. To the le~ is a ~dF beac~front ~ created by ~n9 ~d bis ~o ~ns. ~ ~
Thurs., Aug. 22, 1985 ~Jll' ~akrri~firlb C~aJifJ~rldaa
RIVER: Homeowner creates beach, pool on the Kern's .ban ks ':.? ::.i
Continued from D1 "I used a backhoe to dig sand out nearby homeowners, built the majority of his three-
purchased in order to finance con;. of the river," he said. "Then I King's sandy back yard lends bedroom home, is especially proud
struction of his home. spread the sand around to create a itself perfectly to sunbathing and of the fact that every room h~s ~
Since 1974, King has been working beach effect." playing barefoot volleyball, view of the river.
in his spare time to transform the Stressing the fact that he did "This is a place where people can "You have to be educated with
dry riverland near his home on notking to divert the course of the come to enjoy themselves," King your hands and willing to take a-
Choctaw Road into a sandy beach, river, he said he simply enhanced said. "That's the fulfillment of my chance when you take on a project
complete with a riverside pool that the already-existent cavity in an dream." like this," he said.
he formed out of natural river rock. effort to stop soil erosion and create During the summer months, vol-
King collected boulders from his a backyard swimming area. leyball enthusiasts meet at King's In addition to the hackyard beach
land and used them to line the pool "I was unique among most prop- house to hold weekly sessions of area, there is a large man-made
and create an artificial waterfall erty owners," he said, "because I their favorite sport, pond in the front yard surrounded
' adjacent to his rustic ranch-style secured water right~ along the rJv- "Some people have never had the by lush green vegetation.
home. er." 'experience of playing volleyball "I'm working on a sauna and
He estimates that it took more Those fights allowed him to form barefoot in the sand," he said. "It's some redwood decking that will lead~
than 5,000 rocks to encase the pool a water company. King supple- just like the beach -- nothing beats down to the beach area," he said.
that mother nature had partially ments his income by selling water the feeling." "I've always enjoyed the outdoors'
formed along the river's edge. that he pumps from the river .to King, who along with his two sons and this is a dream come true."
NORTH KERN WATER STORAGE DISTRICT
1415 - 18th STREET, ROOM 70§
BOX 1195
BAKERSFIELD, CALIFORNIA 93302
September 18, 1985
Mr. Gene Bogart
City of Bakersfield
Mr. Harold Russell
Buena Vista Water Storage District
Mr. Gil Castle
Kern Delta Water District
RE: King Water Company
Gentlemen;
Enclosed is a copy of a letter from the Public
Utilities Conmission regarding King Water Company.
Very truly yours,
C. H. Williams
Engineer-Mana§er
CHW:ak
Enclosure
?
ADDRESS ALI. COMMUNICATIONS
CALIFORNIA STATE BUILDING
~tthlir ~tili~ies (gomttti~iott
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
September 13, 1985
Mr. Ernest A. Conant
Young, Wooldridge, Panlden
· Self, Fart ~ trifle.
1675 Chester Avenue
Bakersfield, ~ 93301
Dear Mr. Conant:
This is in response to your letter dated August 28, 1985 requesting
information about a King Water Company located in the Bakersfield
area.
We have no record or other information indicating that such a water
company exists,
Very truly yours,
WESLEY FRANKLIN, Chief
Water Utilities Branch
NORTH KERN WATER STORAGE DISTRICT
1415 - 18th STREET, ROOM 705
BOX 1195
BAKERSFIELD, CALIFORNIA 93302
(805) 325-3116
September 20, 1985
Mr. Ernest A. Conant
Young, Wooldridge, Paulden,
Self, Farr & Griffin
1675 Chester Avenue - 4th Floor
Bakersfield, CA 93301
RE: Riparian: King
Dear Ernest:
Attached ils a response by John King to our August 28,
1985 letter for your files.
Very truly yours,
C. H. Williams
Engineer-Manager
CHW:ak
Enclosure
cc: Gene Bogart, City of Bakersfield
Gil Castle, Kern Delta
Harold Russell, Buena Vista
Tom Clark, La Hacienda
Brent Graham, Tulare Lake
Tenneco Property Corporation
A Tenneco Company
(805) 835-6000
CITY OV ~A~(ER~FtEI_D
September 24, 1985
Mr. Florn Core
City of Bakersfield
Corporation Yard
Community Services Department
4101 Truxtun Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Reference: Sections 21 and 22, 30/27
Domestic Water Annexation
Dear Mr. Core:
Tenneco Property Corporation is requesting annexation into the City of
Bakersfield Domestic Water System, for Sections 2I and 22, Township 30
South, Range 27 East.
If you have any questions concerning this matter, please call me at
835-6190.
Sincerely,
TENNECO PROPERTY CORPORATION
Manuel Elijah
Utility Superintendent
ME. alb
cc: C. Tolfree S. Roban
D. Lollis
R. Ambrose
22 23 24 ~' 19 ~ 20 21 ~:' 22 i ~,~ iii!': 23
· ..T~, -
~ '27 ~ c~ - ~ ~ :: .... :'
~ :,.::::: ::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::: :: ::::::::~:em
3S ~ 36 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1~i~
--- ~i; ~7 ~7 ~ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~::::: ::::::::::::::::::: .m::::::::::::::: :::.,:: ..... ::::~: i,:,,=::::1 .......
:::::::::~::::~ "': :~L:::::[II::::~
I0 II 12 ~:~ ASIIE WATER SYSTEM
~::~::~::::::::~::: ::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::: ::d ~:::::::~:~::::~
27 26 25 30 29 28 27 26
TAFT ~ o lillY.
3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2
10 1l 12 7 8 g ~0 11
I
CITY of BAKERSFIEI,I)
ASIIE & FAIRIIAVEN SERVICE AREAS[~]-- PRESENT SERVICE AREA
EFFECTIVE DATE- ![30/80
RESOI,UTION NO. 80-1 W~~ - PROPOSED SERVICE AREA ANNgXATI. ON
[AI~IIAVEN ANNEXATION 3/15/82
FAIRIIAVEN AI)D[TION 8/29/84
RESOI,DT ION HO.