HomeMy WebLinkAbout01/26/01 B A K E R S F I E L D
CITY MANAGER'S OFFICE
MEMORANDUM
January 26,2001
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council
FROM: Alan Tandy, City Manager/ T
SUBJECT: General Information
1, The State Government! They are directing us to revise our wastewater rate
structure, 'impacting some types of users positively, others negatively. They have
also changed their discharge standards, likely causing more modifications to our
recently completed plant. More information, workshops, etc. will follow.
2. City Center update:
a) A memo is enclosed on a question concerning the State Infrastructure bank.
It doesn't help the stadium issue. Due to our good credit rating and ability to
get market rate financing, we are, unfortunately, not eligible for this state
program.
b) The neighborhood meeting on the City Center housing element really went
quite well this Wednesday.
c) Various questions have been raised at either City Council, Redevelopment, or
Ad Hoc Committee meetings. The questions and responses are enclosed for
your information.
d) A calendar showing some of the tasks related to the City Center project is
enclosed.
3. We have officially kicked off the 2001/2002 budget process at staff level.
4. The annual department head retreat will occur February 1 st and 2nd. Darnell Haynes
will be in charge, and the office can contact any of us in Santa Barbara, if
necessary.
Honorable Mayor and City Council
January 26, 2001
Page 2
5. Public Works has received grant funding from the California Integrated Waste
Management Board to implement a used oil collection program. Kick off plans are
detailed in the attached memo.
6. The Activity Report for LEA regulated projects within the city from October through
December, 2000 is enclosed.
7. Responses to Council requests are enclosed, as follows:
Councilmember Maggard
· Advise CalTrans of hazardous condition (boulders protuding into roadway) at
Highway 178/Miramonte;
Councilmember Couch
· Publication from Local Government Commission / Center for Livable
Communities - "Citizens' Guide to Traffic Calming";
Councilmember Salvaggio
· Status update on signal installation at Fairview Road and Monitor Street;
· Staff review of request to establish halfway house at 1601 Pacheco Road.
AT:rs
cc: Department Heads
Pam McCarthy, City Clerk
Trudy Slater, Administrative Analyst
BAKERSFIELD
CITY MANAGER'S OFFICE
MEMORANDUM
January 25, 2001
TO: Alan Tandy, City Manager
FROM: John W. Stinson,(n~As/sistant City Manager
SUBJECT: .Use of State Infrastructure Bank for Stadium Financing
Per you request I reviewed the use of State Infrastructure Bank financing for the proposed multi-
purpose stadium. The Infrastructure State Revolving Fund Program (ISRF) was recently created.
to assist local government with infrastructure improvements related to economic development
activities. The program can be used for streets, drainage and flood control, educational facilities;
environmental mitigation measures, parks and recreational facilities, sewage collection and
treatment, solid waste collection and disposal, water treatment and distribution, and public safety
facilities.
Use of the program by the City of Bakersfield is limited for several reasons. First, due to the
City's good credit rating we would have difficulty in demonstrating the need for such financing'
as required by the state guidelines. To quote the supplemental threshold eligibility criteria of the
program:
"Applicants requesting financing in amounts between $2 and $20 million are eligible to
apply for CIEDB financing if the applicant's loan repayment source is unrated or if it
would not permit a Baa2/BBB or higher credit rating for the applicant's debt, indicating
the applicant's limited access to capital. Applicants with a proposed repayment source that
is rated Baa2/BBB or higher are presumed to have access to capital and therefore do not
meet the CIEDB's "need for financing" criteria unless the applicant clearly demonstrates
the reasons for the need for CIEDB financing. Such reasons could include the following:
(1) inability to raise sufficient net proceeds for project requirements through market
interest rate financing; (2) short-term, interim financing needs pending receipt of
approved long-term funding; and (3) lack of other realistic, affordable financing
alternatives."
As you can see the program is basically designed to provide financing assistance for local
governmental agencies that have limited ability to issue debt and an inability to secure market
rates for their financing needs. Due to our city's credit rating being Aa3 we would not qualify.
S:~JOI-I~State Infrastructure Bank.wpd
Further, with regard to multipurpose stadium financing using the ISRF, and using a general fund
lease to secure the debt, the underwriting requirements state that the financed facility must
provide essential semites. Essential services include court, fire or police facilities. The specific
example of ballparks is listed as a non-essential use, and thus would not allow this particular
project to be financed using this program. Again to quote the language from the loan
underwriting criteria provided by the state:
"The leased facility must provide essential services to the applicant's community, such as
court, fire or police facilities. Examples of non-essential services include, but are not
limited to, golf courses and ballparks."
Based on the City's current financial status, the infrastructure bank programs as currently
structured do not provide a viable financing alternative for the City of Bakersfield and would not
be feasible for stadium financing.
S:UOHN~State Infi-astructure Bank.wpd
BAKERSFIELD
CITY MANAGER'S OFFICE
MEMORANDUM
January 25, 2001
TO: Honorable' Mayor and City Councilmembers
Bakersfield Redevelopment Agency
Ad Hoc Committee - City Center/P~.../
FROM: Alan Tandy, City Manager /~ /
SUBJECT: Miscellaneous Questions / ArCswers
A number of questions pertaining to the City Center proposal have been raised at either City
Council, Redevelopment, or Ad Hoc Committee levels. Since the questions and answers may be
of interest to all three entities, responses follow:
Question 1) Please provide a copy of the application that professional baseball uses to
screen prospective owners.
Attached is the form.
Question 2) Please show some examples of comparable capital and unfunded annual
costs from past City budgets.
Attached is such a list showing three projects considerably larger than
the stadium, and many projects over $6,000,000. Finally, it shows ten
recent items in the operating budget larger than the unfunded amount
of the City Center.
Question 3) What is the cost of converting the baseball field to soccer?
A stadium that has both professional baseball and soccer indicates it
costs $12,000 - $15,000 each times three times a year. Such a cost
is easy to incorporate into the lease agreement for professional
soccer.
Question 4) Did other California cities have advisory or bond elections before building
minor league stadiums?
No referendums of either type were done in Lake Elsinor, Adelanto,
Lancaster, Rancho Cucamonga, San Bernardino, West Sacramento,
or Fresno.
City Council
Bakersfield Redevelopment Agency
Ad Hoc Committee - City Center Project
January 25, 2001
Page 2
Question 5) Is the unfunded annual cost to the City affordable? Can it be done without
cutting other City services or curtailing employee additions that deal with
population growth?
In the opinion of staff, the answer is yes. The unfunded by others
annual cost of $248,000 can be afforded without cutting City services
or curtailing, employee additions.
$248,000 is a large number, but to show the magnitude of this cost to
the City budget, let's use a cost comparison. The City's General Fund
is $101,010,000. The unfunded cost to the stadium is $248,000.
That is 1/4th of 1% of the General Fund.
If a family of 4 earns $75,000, 1/4th of 1% of their budget is $187.50 -
let us say the equivalent to the cost of taking a family of 4 to Los
Angeles for a Dodgers game.
Attachments
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
OF
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL LEAGUES, INC.
APPLICATION FOR CONTROL ~NTEREST TRANSFER
Pursuant to the National Association Agreement, the Professional Baseball Agreement and the Major Eeague -'
Rules, including without limitation Major League Rule 54, Regulation of Minor League Franchises, (A) Approval of
Control Interest Transfers (the ~'Rule") and any other rules or requirements of the National Association or Major League
Baseball, certain information related to a proposed control interest transfer in a Minor League Club must be submitted
to the President of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc. Please answer the following
questions and provide the requested information. It will be necessary to attach additional documents to this Application.
Document Checklists are attached to this Application for reference. Please be advised that the President may request
additional information from the Applicant at a later time. Submit the completed version of this form a~d all attachments.
1. Name, location and league of Minor League Club (the "Club"):
2. Describe type of control interest transfer: Check One
Expansion Franchise []
Purchase of Existing Franchise []
Other (Specify) []
3. Name and address of proposed owuership entity (the "Applicant"):
4. Organizational structure of the APplicant (see applicable Document Checklist): Check One
Corporation []
. Limited Liability Corporation []
General partnership []
Limited Partnership []
Proprietorship []
Other (Call the National Association Office for Instructions) []
5. If the Applicant is a corporation (refer to attached Document Checklist. Corporation):
a. Shareholder Information:
i. Number of shares authorized:
ii. Number of shares issued and outstanding: ~
iii. Attach as Exhibit.. . a list of shareholders, the number of shares owned, and the
percentage of equity interest owned in the Club. (If any shareholder is another corporation,
partnership or other entity, list the individuals owning such corporation, partnership or other
entity and their indirect equity interest in the Club.)
Note: Total equity interest in Club, both direct and indirect, must equal 100% and note the individual possessing such
interest in the club.
b. List the officers of the corporation:
i. President:
ii. Vice President: ..
iii. Secretary:
iv. Treasurer:
v. Attach as Exhibit ~ a director's resolution appointing officers of the corporation or a
Certificate of Incumbency.
c. Directors of the corporation:
i. Attach as Exhibit. a list of the directors of the corporation.
ii. Attach as Exhibit a shareholder's resolution appointing the directors of the
corporation or a Certificate of Incumbency.
d. i. Attach as Exhibit. a certified copy of the Articles of L'acorporation and Bylaws of the
'corporation.
ii. Attach as Exhibit ~ a shareholder's resolution adopting the Bylaws.
e. i. Attach as Exhibit . a copy of any shareholder's agreement.
ii. Attach as Exhibit .... a copy of any buy-sell agreement.
Note: The Bylaws and any shareholder's or buy-sell agreement must contain the following provision relating to prior
notice, approval and review procedures required under the Rule. (A provision in such agreements should also state that
a copy of such Rule is available from the corporate secretary.)
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any part of this
Agreement, any sale, transfer, assignment~ gif[ or bequest, grant of a security
interest, pledge or other encumbrance of any Control Interest (as defined in the
Major League Rule regarding Re~lation of Minor League Franchises (the "Major
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League Rule")) in a Minor League Club, shall be subject to and made in
accordance with the National Association Agreement, Professional Baseball
Agreement and Major League Rules, including without limitation Major League
Rule 54 and any other rules or requirements of the National Association or Office
of the Commissioner of Baseball, all as the same now exist or may be amended or
adopted in the future. Any such sale, transfer, assignment,gift or bequest, grant of
a security, interest, pledge, encumbrance or change that requires the consent of the
President of the National Association/s prohibited and shall be null and void unless
such prior consent is obtained. Such consent may be withheld at the sole and
absolute discretion of the President of the National Association. The decision of
the President of the National Association shall be made after consulting with, and
shall be subject to review by, the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball.
f. Attach as Exhibit ~ a copy of the stock certificate.
Note: Such certificate must contain the following provision relating to prior notice, approval and review procedures
required under the Kule. (A provision on such certificates should also state that a copy of such Kule is available from
the corporate secretary.)
The right to sell, transfer, assign, gfft or bequest, grant a security interest
in, pledge or encumber, or otherwise dispose of the shares of stock or the interest
in the corporation represented by this certificate shall be subject to and made in
accordance with Major League Rule 54. Any such sale, transfer, assignment, gift'
or bequest, grant ora security interest, pledge, encumbrance or change that requires
the consent of the President of the National Association is prohibited and shall be
null and void unless such prior consent is obtained. Such consent may be withheld
atthe sole and absolute discretionofthe President of the National Association. The
decision of the President of the National Association shall be made after consulting
with, and shall be subject to review by, the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball.
g. All individuals listed in Question 5 must fill out the Individual Biographical Information supplement
attached to this Application.
After completing this question, please proceed to Question 10.
6. If the applicant is a limited liability company (refer to attached Document Checklist, Limited Liability
Company):
a. Member information:
i. Attach as Exhibit ~ a list of all the me~bers of the limited liability company. Indicate
percentage interest of each member. (If any member is a corporation, partnership, limited
liability company, or other entity, list the individuals owning such entity and their indirect
equity interest in the Club.)
ii. List the managers of the limited liability company. (One manager of the limited liability
company must be desi~ated as the individual with ultimate authority to act on all Club
matters.)
iii. Attached as Exhibit .... a certified copy of the Articles of Organization of the limited
liability company.
iv. Attached as Exhibit a copy of any operating agreement.
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Note: Any operating agreement must have the following provision relating to prior notice, approval and review
procedures required under the Rule. (A provision in such agreement should also state that a copy of such Rule is
available fi.om the limited liability company.)
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any part of this
Agreement, any change of managers of the limited liability company, including
without limitation, the managers or the number of managers in, and the exclusive
management authority of, any executive committee, shall be subject to and made
in accordance with the National Association Agreement, Professional Baseball
Agreement and Major League Rules, including without limitation Major League
Rule 54 and any other rules or requirements of the National Association or Office
of the Commissioner of Baseball, all as the same now .exist or may be amended or
adopted in the future. Any such change that requires the consent of the President
of the National Association is prohibited and shall be null hnd void unless such
prior consent is obtained. Such consent may be withheld at the sole and absolute
discretion of the President of the National Association. The decision of the
President of the National Association shall be made after consulting with, and shall
be subject to review by, the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball.
Note: The operating agreement (or if there is no operating agreement, the Articles of Organization) also must have the
following provision relating to prior notice, a~proval and review procedures required under the Major League Rule 54.
(A provision in such agreement should also state that a copy of such Rule is available from the limited liability
company.)
The right to sell, transfer, assign, gift or bequest, grant a security interest
in, pledge or encumber, or otherwise dispose of a membership interest in the
limited liability company shall be subject to and made in accordance with Major
League Rule 54. Any such sale, transfer, assignment, gift or bequest, grant of a
security interest, pledge, encumbrance or change in members that requires the
consent of the President of the National Association is prohibited and shall be null
and void unless such prior consent is obtained. Such consent may be withheld at
the sole and absolute discretion of the President of the National Association. The
decision of the President of the National Association shall be made after consulting
with, and shall be subject to review by, the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball.
v. All members and managers listed above must fill out the Individual Biographical
Information supplement attached to this Application.
After completing this question, please proceed to Question 10.
7. If the Applicant is a partnership (refer to attached Document Checklist. Parmership):
a. Partnership information:
i. Attach as Exhibit a list of all the partners and designate as general or limited partner.
Indicate the number of partnership units owned and the partnership percentage interest of
each partner. (If any parmer is a corporation, partnership, or other entity, list the individuals
owning such entity and their indirect equity interest in the Club.)
ii. Attach as Exhibit a copy of the executed or draft partnership agreement.
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Note: Such partnership agreement must contain the following provision relating to the prior notice, approval and review
procedures required under the Rule. (If the partnership agreement does not contain such a restriction, the Applicant
should provide an amendment to the partnership agreement containing the following restriction.)
NotWithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any part of this
Agreement, any sale, transfer, assignment, gift or bequest, grant of a security
interest, pledge or other encumbrance of any Control Interest (as defined in the
Major League Rule regarding Regulation of Minor League Franchises (the "Major
League Rule")) in a Minor League Club, and any change in the identity of the
Managing Parmer or the Chief Executive Officer of the Managing Partner of a
Minor League Club, shall be subject to and made in accordance with the National
Association Agreement, the Professional Baseball Agreement and the Major
League Rules, including without limitation Major League Rule 54 and any other
rules or requirements of the National Association or Office of the Commissioner
of Baseball, all as the same now exist or may be amended or adopted in the future.
Any such sale, transfer, assignment, gift or bequest, grant of a security interest,
pledge, encumbrance or change that requires the consent of the President of the
National Association is prohibited and shall be null and void unless such prior
consent is obtained. Such consent may be withheld at the sole and absolute
discretion of the President of the National-Association. The decision of the
President of the National Association shall be made at~er cons .ulting with, and shall
be subject to review by, tl~e Office of the Commissioner of Baseball.
b. All individuals listed in Question 6 must fill out the Individual Biographical Information supplement
attached to this Application.
After completing this question, please proceed to Question I O.
8. If the Applicant is a proprietorship, list full name and address of proprietor and complete the Individual
Biographical Information supplement attached to this Application (also refer to attached Document Checklist,
Proprietorship):
9. If any shareholder, member or partner (general or limited) of Applicant is other than a natural person (e.g., a
corporation, limited liability company, general or limited partnership, :or other entity), then each such entity
must: (a) provide all information and documentation requested in Section 5, 6, or 7 (or as is .appropriate for
each such entity); and Co) provide for each such entity its audited (if available) or unaudited f'mancial
statements, including year-end balance sheets and statements of income, for the tWo most recent fiscal years.
10. a. Pursuant to Major League Rule 54(a)(5)(A), only one individual shall have ultimate authority to act
on all Club matters. This individual must fill out the Individual with Ultimate Authority supplement
attached to this Application. This supplement must be filled out completely in addition to the
Individual Biographical InformatiOn supplement. (Note: this information must not contradict any
provision in any corporation or partnership documents).
b. If the Applicant is other than a natural person (e.g., sole proprietorship), attach as Exhibit ~ a
resolution or other documentation on behalf of such entity authorizing the individual described in
paragraph 10(a), above, to have ultimate authority to act on all Club matters.
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11. Names of the individuals who will have active management roles in the Club and description of their
management role, These individuals must complete the Individual Biographical Information supplement
attached to this Application, if not already attached elsewhere.
12. Please list all other enterprises and businesses in which the Applicant has an ownership interest ofgrea!er than
5%: (If NONE, then check here: )
a. Name of Entity:
b. Percentage of Equity Interest: ~
c. Nature of Involvement:
d. Brief Description:
Note: If there is more than one entity to .be listed above, attach as Exhibit , a separate list following the same
format.
13. Please list all the professional sports, broadcasting, entertainment, cable and related enterprises and any
gambling-related enterprise in which the Applicant has any ownership or management interest or with which
the Applicant has done business or other~vise been associated: (If NONE, then check here: )
a. Name of Entity:
b. Percentage of Equity Interest, if any: ~
e. Nature of Involvement:
d. Brief Description:
Note: If there is more than one entity to be lis. ted above, attach as Exhibit ~ a separate list following the same
format.
14. - if the Applicant is other than a natural person, or if a corporation, partnership, limited liability company or
other entity has a direct or indirect ownership interest orS% or more in the Applicant, attach as Exhibit ....
its audited (if available) or unaudited financial statements, including year-end balance sheets and statements
of income, for the two most recent fiscal years.
a. Calculate the ratio of equity-to-liabilities for the Club and enter here ( to ).
Explain briefly how calculated:
b. Calculate the ratio of current assets to current liabilities for the Club and enter here (.__ to ).
Explain briefly how calculated:
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c. Attact~ as Exhibit ~ Cash Budgets, Pro Forma Sources and Uses of Funds Statements and Pro
Forma Financial Statements for the Club.
Note: If the Club is a start-up organization, the above information will be based on projections with supporting
documentation and analysis.
15. Attach as Exhibit ~ a proposed three-year operating budget for the Club. (Samples are available fi.om
the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc.)
16. Attach as Exhibit ~ a three-year business plan for the Club. (Samples are available fi.om the National
Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc.)
17. Attach as Exhibit the operating policies of the Club. (Samples are available from the National
Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc.)
18. Describe the source of all financing which will be re~tuired to purchase the Club:
a. Name of financial institution:
b. Address of financial institution:
c. Phone Number of financial institution:
d. Name of contact at financial institution:
Note: All financing must be fully committed, and written evidence thereof submitted, prior to the consideration of this
Application.
19. Describe how the Club will be owned or managed by individuals having strong ties to the local community:
20. Does the Applicant plan to relocate the Club?
If "yes," when?.
If "yes," where?
If "yes," for what reason?
Note: Any proposed relocation will be considered independently and requ/res separate application. Approval of
owners, hip transfer does not constitute approval to relocate or approval of any necessary territorial '"draft."
21. Attach as Exhibit copies of drafts of the following documents:
a. purchase or sale agreement related to the proposed control interest transfer
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b. loan agreement
c. assignment of stadium lease
d. television or radio rights agreement
e. concession agreement having a potential duration of more than one year
f. asset purchase agTeement
g. any contract having a potential duration of five years or longer. "
Note: Any purchase or sale agreement must contain the following provisions relating to the prior notice, approval and
review procedures required under the Rule. (If the sale or purchase agreement does not contain such provisions, the
Applicant should provide an amendment to such agreement containing the following.)
Baseball Approval. Seller represents that 'it has notified the Office of the
Commissioner of Baseball, the President of the National Association and its League
President of the proposed transaction and has provided to all three a detailed
written description of the proposed transaction together with any non-binding
memorandum ofunderstag, ding or letter of intent. Purchaser md Seller shall within
ten days of execution of this Agreement apply to the President of the National
Association for approval of the transaction in accordance with and pursuant to the
applicable provisions of the National Association Agreement, Professional Baseball
Agreement and the Major League Rules. Such approval is recognized by Purchaser
and Seller to be in the sole and absolute discretion of the President of the National
Association. Purchaser shall fully cooperate with Seller in all reasonable respects
in seeking such approval, including, but not limited to, the timely filing of all
documents and information required of Purchaser by the National Association
and/or the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball in connection with such
application. Purchaser covenants that all information contained in documents or
statements provided by or on behalf of it to the National Association or the Office
of the Commissioner of Baseball shall be true, complete and correct in all material
respects and, to the knowledge of Purchaser, shall not contain any untrue or
misleading information.
Condition to Closing. The President of the National Association, after
consultation with the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball, in each case in its
sole and absolute discretion, shall have approved the transaction under the
applicable standards and requirements of the National Association A~eement, the
Professional Baseball Agreement and the Major League Rules, as may be amended
from time to time and the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball shall have
reviewed the decision of the President of the National Association and, in
accordance with the provisions of the Major League Rules, not have disapproved
or reversed the decision of the President of the National Association.
Any loan or security agreement must contain the following provision restricting control interest transfers. (If
any loan or security agreement does not contain such restriction, the ApPlicant should provide an amendment to such
agreement(s) containing the following provision.)
Lender agrees to be bound by the Major League Rule regarding Regulation of
Minor League Franchises, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit "A" (the
"Rule"). Lender acknowledges that the Rule does not permit a Minor League
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Baseball Club to pledge its franchise as security for any indebtedness and requires
that the transfer of a "Control Interest" (as defined in the Rule) in such Club is
subject to the approval of the President of the National Association and review of
the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball in their sole and absolute discretion.
Accordingly, Lender acknowledges that such approval would be required for any
foreclosure, sale or transfer of the Collateral to a third party as well as to the
Lender. Lender shall immediately notify the President of the National Association
and the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball of any event of default under the
indebtedness. Lender acknowledges that any tempormy or permanent management
of the Collateral by the Lender or any receiver or trustee shall be subject to prior
approval of the President of the National Association and review of the
Commissioner of Baseball in their sole and absolute discretion. In the event that
Lender desires to operate the franchise for its own account on a temporary or
permanent basis, Lender shall obtain thc prior written approval otthe President of
the National Association in accordance with the Rule. Nothing contained in this
section shall be deemed to limit the obligations of Borrower to the Lender under
any credit agreement and the rights of Lender thereunder which, in either case, are
not inconsistent with the provisions of this section.
22. Attach as Exhibit a copy of the written approval of the proposed transfer by the League, or a
determination by the League that ~o such approval is required.
23. Enclose a $10,000 control interest transfer processing fee and assessment (a $5,000 processing fee pursuant
to Major League Rule 54 and a $5,000 assessment pursuant to the National Association Agreement) payable
to the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc. ("Application Fee").
24. Applications will not be considered for approval until complete. All Applications must be completed within
90 days of the date of submission. Unless otherwise extended in writing by the National Association of
Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc., applications not completed within 90 days of the date of submission will
be deemed to have been rejected and the $10,000 Apptication Fee will be forfeited. Resubmission of any
rejected application must be accompanied by a $1,000 reapplication fee.
25. The undersigned, both individually and on behalf of the Applicant and all entities and individuals listed in
Sections 5, 6 and 7 of this Application, agrees that this Application is being submitted only for the
consideration of the President of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc. Any decision
to approve or disapprove this Application will be made by the President of the National Association of
Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc. in his or her sole and absolute discretion. The decision by the President
of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc. to approve or disapprove this Application
may be based on subjective and objective criteria. Until this Application is finally approved in writing by the
Office of the President, the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball and the appropriate League, the Applicant
will not be entitled to any privilege nor have any of the rights ora Minor League Club. THE NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL LEAGUES, INC., THE OFFICE OF THE
COMMISSIONER OF BASEBALL, THE APPROPRIATE LEAGUE AND ITS MEMBER CLUBS, AND
ALL OF THEIR RESPECTIVE OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, OWNERS, AGENTSAND DESIGNEES SHALL
NOT BE LIABLE TO THE UNDERSIGNED, THE APPLICANT OR ANY OF THE ENTITLES AND
INDIVIDUALS LISTED IN SECTIONS 5, 6 AND 7 OF THIS APPLICATION OR ANY THIRD PARTY
FOR ANY CLAIM, LOSS OR DAMAGE, GENERAL OR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF OR IN ANY WAY RELATED TO
THE PROPOSED TRANSFER OF THE CLUB TO THE APPLICANT OR THE PROCESSING OR DENIAL
OF THIS APPLICATION. THE APPLICANT, BOTH INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF ALL
ENTITIES AND INDIVIDUALS LISTED IN SECTIONS 5, 6 AND 7 OF THIS APPLICATION, AGREES
THAT THE SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AGAINST THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL LEAGUES, INC. AND ITS OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS FOR
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ANY CLAIM RELATING TO THIS APPLICATION SHALL BE FOR THE RETUKN OF ANY
APPLICATION FEE PAID TO THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PKOFESSIONAL BASEBALL
LEAGUES, INC. The Applicant and all entities and individuals listed in Sections 5, 6 and ? of this Application
shall be jointly and severally liable to the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc., its
officers, employees and agents, for payment of any attorneyS' fees, court costs and expenses incurred in defense
of any claim brought against any of them contrary to the terms of this Section 23.
Any dispute regarding this Application will be resolved in accordance with the laws of the State of Florida.
The courts of such state shall have exclusive jurisdiction over all controversies arising out of or in connection
with this Application. The parties consent to personal jurisdiction in the courts of such state and agree, that
process may be served upon them in any such action by registered mail at the addresses stated in this
Application or personally within or without such state. If service is made in any manner other than personally
within such state, the defendants shall be entitled to a period of 20 additional days to answer over and above
the time limited by law.
26. The undersigned certifies that the information provided above has been carefully read and is true and correct
to the best of his/her knowledge. The undersigned accepts and a~ees that any misrepresentation contained
herein is ground for suspension and/or termination of ownership in professional baseball.
APPLICANT:
By:
Name:
Title:
Date:
* PLEASE SEND I COPY, WITH ALL ATTACHMENTS, TO:
* PRESIDENT *
* NATIONAL ASSOCIATION *
* P.O. BOX A *
* ST. PETERSBURG, FL 33731 *
Revision Date: March 29, 1996
CITAPP.001 - 10 -
DocUMENT CHECKLIST - (Limited Liability COmpany)
If the Applicant is a limited liability company, the following documents should be included with the Application:
1. o Certified Articles of Organization
2. o Operating Agreement
3. [] Certificate of Incumbency
4. [] Resolution Appointing Manager with Ultimate Authority on Baseball Matters .
5. [] Buy-Sell Agreement
6. [] List of members and percentage of ownership of each
7. r~ Purchase Agreement
8. [] Biographical Information on each Member, Manager and Officer
9. [] Personal Financials or Federal tax returns for Members with more than 5% ownership interest
i0. [] Schedule of enterprises in which Applicant or any individual Member, Manager or Officer has
ownership interest greater than 5% and ~ gambling, sports, entertainment or broadcasting interests
11. [] Three-Year Business Plan
12. [] Three-Year Operating Budget
13. [] Operating Policies
14. rn Applicant's Financial Statements for Past Two Years
15. [] Current Ratio and Equity to Liabilities Ratio
16. [] League Approval
17. [] Consent to Assignment of Player Development Contract
18. o Stadium Lease (with Assignment)
19. [] Concession Agreement
20. [] Broadcasting Agreement
21. [] Other Contracts with Term in excess of Five Years
22. [] Financing'Agreements (e.g., Loan Agreement, Security Agreement, Promissory Note)
23. [] $10,000 Application Fee
NOTE: If any Member is a corporation, a partnership, limited liability company or other entity, documents listed in
sections 1 through 7, and 9 through 11, of this Document Checklist or 1 through 4 and 6 through 8 of the Parmership
Document Checklist or Sections I through 6, and 8 through i0 of the Limited Liability Company Document Checklist,
as the case may be, also should be included with the Application. If the member entity is other than a corporation, a
partnership or a limited liability company, call the National Association office for instructions.
C1TAPP.O01
National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, Inc.
Supplement to Control Interest Transfer Application
Individual with Ultimate Authority
Provide the following information on the individual who will have ultimate authority to act on all Club matters:
1. Full Name:
2. Social Security Number:
3. Present Residence:
4. Home Telephone Number:
5. Date of Birth: PlaceofBirth:
6. Previous Residence:
7. Driver's License Number: State of Issuance:
8. Name of Employer:
(a) Address:
(b) Work Telephone Number:
(c) Fax Number:
(d) Title:
(e) Dates of Employment:
9. Has this individual ever been arrested? ~ If yes, attach as Exhibit ~ a schedule setting forth:
(a) description and date of charge;
(b) location and name of court; and
(c) date and disposition.
10. Has this individual ever been a party to any civil litigation? If yes, attach as Exhibit ~ a schedule
setting forth:
(a) if this individual was a plaintiff or defendant;
(b) a description of the case;
(c) the names of other parties;
(d) the location and name of court; and
'(e) the date and disposition.
CITAPP.O01 = 11 -
DOCUMENT CHECKLIST - (Partnership)
If the Applicant is a partnership, the following documents should be included with the Application:
1. [] Parmership Agreement
2. tn Certificate of Incumbency
3. [] List of Parmers and Percentage Ownership of each (designate each as general or limited partner)
4. r~ Resolution Appointing Person with Ultimate Authority on Baseball Matters
5. [] Purchase Agreement ':
6. [] Biographical Information on each individual partner
7. o Personal Financials or Federal tax returns for partners with more than 5% ownership interest
8. r~ Schedule of enterprises in which Applicant or any individual partner or officer has ownership interest
greater than 5% and an.v gambling, sports, entertainment or broadcasting interests
9. o Three-Year Business Plan
10. [] Three-Year Operating Budget
11. tn Operating Policies
12. tn Applicant's Financial Statements for Past Two Years
13. o Current Ratio and Equity to Liabilities Ratio
14. r~ League Approval
15. [] Consent to Assignment of Player Development Contract
16. o Stadium Lease
17. o Concession Agreement
18. o Broadcasting Agreement
19. o Other Contracts with Term in excess of Five Years
20. o Financing Agreements (e.g., Loan Agreement, Security Agreement, Promissory Note)
21. o $10,000 Application Fee
NOTE: If any parmer is a corporation, a partnership, limited liability company or other entity, documents listed in
sections 1 through 7, and 9 through 11, of this Document Checklist or 1 through 4 and 6 through 8 of the Parmership
Document Checklist or Sections 1 through 6, and 8 through 10 &the Limited Liability Company Document Checklist,
as the case may be, also should be included with the Application. If the partner entity is other than a corporation, a
partnership or a limited liability company, call the National Association office for instructions, i
CITAPP.O01
DOCUMENT CHECKLIST - (Proprietorship)
If the Applicant is a sole proprietor, the following documents should be included with the Application:
1. r~ Appointment of Person with Ultimate Authority on Baseball Matters (if not the Applicant)
2. o Trust Agreements (if any)
3. r~ Purchase Agreement
4. o Biographical Information
5. [] Personal Financials or Federal tax returns ' '
6. r~ Schedule of enterprises in which Applicant has ownership interest greater than 5% and .a.ny gambling,
sports, entertainment or broadcasting interests
7. [] Three-Year Business Plan
8. ~ Three-Year Operating Budget
9. rn Operating Policies
10. ~ Club's Financial Statements
11. o Current Ratio and Equity to Liabilities Ratio
12. ~ League Approval
13. o Consent to Assignment of Player Development Contract
14. [] Stadium Lease
15. ~ Concession Agreement
16. [] Broadcasting Agreement
17. [] Other Contracts with Term in excess of Five Years
18. o Financing A~eements (e.g., Loan Agreement, Security Agreement, Promissory Note)
19. [] $10,000 Application Fee
CITAPP.O01
BAKERSFIELD
CITY MANAGER'S OFFICE
MEMORANDUM
January 23, 2001
TO: Alan Tandy, City Manager ~~ ~
FROM: Darnell Haynes, Assistant tb the City Manager ~?
SUBJECT: Typical Operating and Capital improvement Project Expenditures
The following list include examples of typical operating and capital improvement project
expenditures over the last few years. The information is segmented into two categories.
for capital improvement projects and one category for operating related projects. The list
is summarized by project and the year the project was or anticipated to be completed. This
list is for illustration purposes only and is not intended to be all inclusive of all city projects.
If you have any questions, I am available to discuss this list with you at your convenience.
Major Capital Improvement Proiects That Cost More Than $15 Million:
Centennial Garden Arena (1998) $ 36,365,852
WWTP #2 Upgrade/Expansion (19 to 25 mgd) (1999) $ 32,340,000
WWTP #2 Upgrade/Expansion (16 to 19 mgd)(1980), $ 26,000,000
Major Capital Improvement Projects That Cost $ 5 Million to $15 Million:
WWTP #3 Upgrade/Expansion (12 to 16 mgd) (1999) $13,327,700
Amtrak Station (2000) $12,793,387
WWTP #3 Upgrade/Expansion (3.4 to 8 mgd) (1984) $ 9,900,000
Sewer Construction Main/Allen Road (2000) $ 9,549,000
S :~D amell~ATciphist o ~ff 12 3 01 .wlxl ~
Sewer Construction Main/Buena Vista (In Progress) $ 9,469,700
Coffee Road OverCrossing (1996) $ 8,832,728
WWTP #3 Upgrade/Expansion (8 to12 mgd) (1988) $ 7,300,000
Bridge Construction "Q" Street (2000) $ 6,134,914
Ma]or Operatinq Expenses That Cost $ 225,000 to $1 Million:
Upgrade all 386 Computer Systems (1997) $ 226,166
Repair & Maintenance Outside Labor Fleet Services (2000) $ 300,000
*Replace Building Dept. Computer System (Pending) $ 310,000
*Outside Services Funds to Demolish Dilapidated Buildings $ 350,000
on Union Avenue (2000)
Replace 180 Police Portable Radios (2000) $ 360,000
*Outside Services Funds for Crossing Guards (2000) $ . 419,370
*Annual Property Tax Administration Fee (1999) $ 454,085
*First Payment to Kern County For Airport Terminal (2000) $ 500,000
Replace computers, laptops, servers, & printers (2000) $ 625,500
*Annual Jail booking Fees to Kern County (2000) $ 812,355
* Denotes General Fund Item
S:\Darnell~ATcyhistory12301 .wlxl 2
From: Trudy Slater
To: Alan Tandy
Date: Monday, January 22, 2001 3:50:52 PM
Subject: Baseball Field Conversion to Soccer Field
Frank Boulton, Principle Owner/CEO of the Long Island Ducks and Long Island Rough Riders (631)
940-3825, ext. 101, indicates that when their field is changed three times a year, the conversion costs
$12,000 to $15,000. Things to consider are how much square footage is covered up, moving the fence,
the length of the track, end field, around home plate, etc. They use a mesh cloth, too, so the dirt from the
grass doesn't mix with the infield. This was a one time expense of about $3,000.
Something to consider is a hydraulic mound. He doesn't do it but a major expense is the time involved in
rebuilding the mound. A hydraulic mound saves lot of time. (I did not get a cost estimate for a hydraulic
mound.)
He will be glad to discuss the issue with us further if needed.
and~ - Adviso~ Vote Page 1~1
From: Trudy Slater
To: Alan Tandy
Date: Tuesday, January 23, 2001 8:50:54 AM
Subject: Advisory Vote
Of the cities which I contacted relating to recent construction of stadiums (Lake Elsinore, Adelanto,
Lancaster, Rancho Cucamonga, San Bernardino, West Sacramento, and Fresno), none have had
advisory votes.
The League has not yet been able to identify cities who have gone through an advisory vote process on a
stadium. I will keep you apprised should it do So.
CC: Bart Thiltgen
~: ~ay ~ Monday I Tuesday _J_Wednesdayl Thursday Friday Saturday
January 2001
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 ,'30 p,m. City Center
4:00 p.m. RDA Task Force-Staff Mtg -
CMO
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Mail Notice of JPH for
Plan Amendment first
class - mail to all
property owners in
CC area (33452)
14 15 16 17 18,:~0,.~. ,as, I 9 20
5:30 p,m. Ad Hoc Force - CMO
3:00 p.m. BZA on Draft
EIR
6:30 p,m. SE P^C
Review Replacement
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Work on draft loan 6:30 p,m, Town Hall
policy for Agency Meeting -- Senior
Housing only
Rarer Johnson school
28 29 30 31
12:00 p,m. Ad Hoc 1:30 p.m. Task Force -
Review appraisals due Review appraisals due CMO
Review appraisals due
Janua~ 19,2001
,, '---Sunday I Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday · Friday SatUrday
--e ruary 2001
~ 2 3
Complete 33352 Report
4 5~,vo notice to City 6 7 8 9 10
Clerk for JPH to publish 1:30 p.m. Task Force -
on 2/13, 2/20, 2/27 and CMO
3/6 for meeting on 3/14
~'~Mail notice of JPH
11 12 1 ~.~first class-- mail 14 15 16 17
4:00 p,m. RDA to occupants (residential
Loan Policy adopt tenants & buSiness
Reso setting JPH tenants), Mail notice to
Review DDAs Taxing Entities (Certified Relocation Plan
Reso re Rep. Housing Return Receipt) available to public 6:30 p.m, SE PAC Mtg
Publish Notice (1 of 4)
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Prepare 33679 report for 5:30 p.m. Ad Hoc
TI on stadium
Publish Notice (2 of 4)
25 26 27 28
Publish Notice (3 of 4)
January 19, 2001
., ._Sund-~_ay I Monday I Tuesday I Wednesdayl Thursday Friday Saturday
V arch 200'
1:30 p.m. Task Fome -
CMO
Planning sends notice
of BZA meeting 3/13;
4 5 AT in Mongolia 6AT in Mongolia 7AT in Mongolia 8 AT in Mongolia 9AT in Mongolia 10
Notice to City Clerk to Publish Notice (4 of 4)
run 3/12 & 3/19 for 3/28
JPH
for 33445 TI for stadium
and DDA
33679 report available
1 1 12Greg K'vac 13GregK'vac 14GregK. vac 15GregK'vac 16Grog K'vac 17
4:00 p.m. RDA 7:00 p.m. JPH of
33445 resolution 3:00 p.m. BZA Council and Agency re: 1:30 p.m. Task Force -
certification of EIR and Plan Amendment, CMO
approval of CUPs Housing DDA
Publish notice 33445 (1
of 2) 5:30 p.m. - Ad Hoc Plan. files NOD on EIR Plan. files NOD/Ho
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Publish notice 33445
(2 of 2)
25 26 27 28~:o0,.~. oou.o,, 29 30 31
- second read of plan 1:30 p.m. Task Force -
Last day to file appeal of amendment ordinance, CMO
BZA actions of 3/13 DDA approval
33445 Reso, COP docs City Clerk records plan
amendment 33373,
33375 & notifies taxing
entities
Plan. files NOD on DDA
January 19, 2001
_____Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday _
A ri '200'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14'
4:00 p.m. RDA 7:00 p.m. Council -
Appt. new redev
member
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Last day to sue on EIR
First day to market
COPs if Olmscheid's
money in bank
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
First possible date to
close COPs, if marketed
29 30
Plan amendment
ordinance final if
adopted on 3~28
January 19, 2001
,., __sunday I Monday Tuesday I Wednesday] Thursday Friday Saturday
V ay
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
4:00 p.m. RDA
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31
Last day to file
validation action if DDA
and COPs on 3/28 .
January 19, 2001
,,, ___SLmday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
, une
l 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
4:00 p.m. RDA
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
January 19, 2001
,~ '" ~Su~ay Monday Tuesday Wednesday I Thursday Friday Saturday
, u y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
4:00 p.m. RDA
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
January 8, 2001
C:\Documents and Settings~alawrenc\Local Settings\Temp\CalendarJan-Jul.wpd
January 19, 2001
BAKERSFIELD
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
TO: hAlan Tandy, City Manager
FROM: ('~'~ack LaRochelle, Interim Public Works Director
[I
DATE: ~ January 18, 2001
SUBJECT: USED OIL COLLECTION
With 100% grant funding from the California Integrated Waste Management Board, the
Solid Waste Division has assembled all the components needed to implement a used
oil collection program. Program kickoff is tentatively planned for February 7, 2001. As
part of our promotion, we are recommending approval of a news conference, with the
Mayor's participation, among other participants, for the ceremonial first used oil
collection.
This is a great opportunity to demonstrate to the community our commitment to a clean
environment and to convenient public service. To advertise this new program, in
addition to the news conference, brochures have been developed for placement
throughout the community, and signs are being placed at used oil collection centers
(like Pep Boys) to tell the community of this new service. Radio, newspaper, and
television ads are also being addressed, as well as other news features highlighting this
service.
To briefly review, this program consists of used oil and used oil filter collection to be
made available to City of Bakersfield residents at their curb in conjunction with their
regularly scheduled pick ups. Customers will need to call in to schedule pick up.
Funding for this program is made available through a 4 cents per quart surcharge on
motor oil sold in California. Through this program, we protect our precious water supply,
and recycle one of our most critical natural resources.
c: Kevin Barnes, Solid Waste Director
Sal Moretti, Solid Waste Superintendent
~ S:WIEMOSV~IANAGER~starI up Itr.wlxl
BAKERSFIELD
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
MEMORANDUM
TO: ALAN TANDY, CITY MANAGER
FROM: /~IT['CQUES R. LAROCHELLE,
SUBJECT: GENERAL INFORMATION
Attached is a copy of the Activity Report describing the status of the LEA regulated
projects within the City of Bakersfield from October 1, 2000 - December 31, 2000.
Attachment
G :~G ROUP DA'r~I2001 _ClTYMANAG ER~.EAJanuary 17ActivityR~.v4xl
PROGRESS OF PROJECTS WITHIN THE CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
Activity For October 1, 2000 - December 31, 2000!
Bakersfield Sanitary '---'~:-'- "'--"
,,,,,,,~,~,o,~ ~o,. Methane gas was detected The City of Bakersfield and the
Landfill/Burn Dump Re'medlatlon of ~urn ,material to above the Lower Explosive Level Kern County Waste Management
Closure. ,-^-'~,~,,.,=, =,,,'-':-:--'-, ,,, ,o,~ '~--,, ,~ ,~'--"'-,~=,,, , ,-:-"-,o,,o at southwest perimeter probe. Department will coordinate
' "'":"- ~' .... ash. #90, during roubne momtoring development and submittal of
SWIS #: 15-AA-0044 Completed 5/1/1998 conducted in November 2000, closure/postclosure maintenance
with the LEA. The City ~ plans for the landfill as per the
LEA WO #: 102 and 319 ,-~,-,-,,,,-,,, ,-,, ,, ,~ ,o, ,~,,,,,,,,~,, ,o, ,~ immediately implemented agreement entered into on May 22,
Uao "', ,, ,~ ,~,,-,,,,~, ,-,,~,~, ,,~,:,, ~, ,,-, corrective actions, adjusting the1996.
'^~ thai"; ~'n,. -~ ,~.~ ~ .....
Sections 10, 11, 14, and ,~oo ,., ,,, ~,, ,, ,~ ~.o,~, gas system and installing a
15, T29S, R28E -,,~,,,.,o,v~ -,,,,,, ~--,_/. replacement probe closer to the The LEA has requested
4200 Panorama Drive Completed 8/29/97 landf II boundary. Gas leve s, abandonment of damaged,
were found to be m complianqe substandard and/or out-of service
Property Owner: Long Term Goal: at all perimeter monitoring :'~ gas probes located within the
City of Bakersfield Closure of the sanitary landfillprobes during December and '; facility.
and burn dump in compliance ~January inspection periods.
......... With Title 271 CCR.' .......
The Regional Water Quality
Control Board adopted Waste
Discharge Requirements which
stipulate that a final cover system
is to be constructed by
December 31, 2003.
Page 1
China Grade Burn Immediate Coal: The Waste Management
p/L '" -' · ..... ' .... :- Department submitted Final
Dum andfill Closure , --^ :~ :-- '"' · ' ' Closure and Post Closure
· -':"-:- '---~':" '- ...... :-- '- Closure and Post Closure ~ Maintenance Plans for
SWIS #: 15-AA-0048 , ~..,~,~,,,,,,,--" .... '-':-:--'-,o,~ '~'-,, ,~ ,'---"",~o,,, , ,-:-'--,o,..~ Maintenance Plans on October. completeness and adequacy.
..... : ..... 4, 2000, in com ance with
LEA WO #: 108 Completed June 4, 1997. Notice and Order # 108-98-0~1.
Location: Long Term Goal: LEA rescinded Notice and Or~ler
Sections 1 & 12, T29S, Closure of the sanitary landfill# 108-98-01 on November 1,
R29E and burn dump in compliance 2000.
with'Title 27, CCR.
Property Owner:
Kern County
--- :- ~ '"--" Ownership was transferred to' The Local Enforcement Agency
Soilrem Corporation ' -' '
Facility Compliance Plan So:,lrem '":" .... '-'- -
vv,,, ..,.,,,,~,,~,~ o, ,:,,.,,,,y Norad Corporation, 2020 E. will continue to inspect the facility
"' ' '"'-- :- ': .... ' Sp every quarter to determine
A__: .... Rockwood Blvd., okane,
SWIS #: 15-AA-0356 .... ;'~ '--- :--':'-:-" '-' ..... :-- Washington, 99203. compliance with State Minimum
,,,~,~,~,,,,~ ,,,~ .,.,,.~, ~_,,,,,,,.~,,,~,,, an ards, e , .
LEA WO#: 450 ~. Completed Apdl 28, 1999 Inspection conducted on
November 20, 2000, noted th~
408 E. Pacheco Rd Long Term Goal: gates were locked and no
Bakersfield, CA 93307 Compliance with State Minimum personnel were on site.
Standards, Title 14, California
Property Owner: Code of Regulations (CCR),
Glenn MacQueen Section 18224.
Page 2
K and D Salvage Landfill Immediate Goal: Drainage from gutters located
Fence the facility to prevent Daniels Lane to the landfill quarterly inspections.
SWIS # 15-AA-0103 public access, property continues to occur.
Weed growth and standing water
LEA WO#: 267 Long Term Goal: are now evident at the end of
Closure of the burn dump in Daniels Lane and on landfill
600 South Union Ave. compliance with Title 27, CCR. property.
Bakersfield, CA 93307
Property Owner:
Nathan Daniels and
Roberta Daniels
City of Bakersfield Immediate Goal: The greenwaste facility and 1 The Local Enforcement Agency
Greenwaste Concurrence and issuance of a expansion area have been will provide the approved Final
Facility/Expansion area Full Solid Waste Facility Permit operated substantially in ! Negative Declaration to the
to include expansion of the compliance with State Minimu~m California Integrated Waste
SWIS #: 15-AA-0311 composting processing area and Standards Management Board. The permit
15-AA-0365 a construction/demolition process will resume, and the
15-AA-0366 processing facility. I revised Solid Waste Facility Permit
Location: I should be issued within 70 days.
Section 9, T30S, R28E Future Goal:
2601 S. Mt. Vernon Ave. Compliance with State Minimum
Standards, Title 14, California
Code of Regulations (CCR).
January 16, 2001
* SWIS = Solid Waste Information System number issued by the California Integrated Waste Man,agement Board (CIWMB).
** LEA WO# = Local Enforcement Agency Work Order number used by EHSD.
Page 3
Streets a
People an
THE £1TIZEN$' GUIDE TO
by Dan Bu
Acknowledgements
THE CITIZENS GUIDE TO TRAFFIC CALMING was originally created in April 1999 by Walkable
Communities, Inc. under a contract with the Honolulu Department of Transportation Services.
Considerable input was provided by Honolulu residents through a process of nine neighborhood
charrettes.
Special thanks to:
Mayor Jeremy Harris and City Councilmembers of the City of Honolulu.
The City of Honolulu Department of Transportation Services.
Staffand students at the University of Hawaii at Manoa Department
of Urban and Regional Planning.
Principal authors of the original guide are:
Harrison Bright Rue, Citizen Planner Institute, Inc.
Dan Burden,Walkable Communities, Inc.
Barbara Gray, AIEP, City of Seattle
Dr. Karl Klm, Chair, Urban and Regional Planning Department, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Sue Newberry, Nevada Traffic Safety Commission
Michael Wallwork, RE., Alternative Street Design, RA.
Chadie Zegeer, P.E., Highway Safety Research Center, University of North Carolina
Note:The authors acknowledge the City of Seattle's "Making Streets that Work"
Neighborhood Planning Workbook (City of Seattle, 1996)
Preface
The City of Honolulu guide inspired two broader, national manuals. The non-profit Local
Government Commission, a California-based membership organization of over 900 city and
county elected officials and staff, built offthe Honolulu effort to produce this comprehensive hands-
on tool - STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS: THE CITIZENS'GUIDE TO TRAFFIC CALMING.
The author is Dan Burden,who was a member of the original Honolulu team. in thisguide, Burden
emphasizes the involvement of citizens and community leaders as well as the critical role of the
neighborhood in establishing healthier places to live.
In a separate effort, principal authors of the original guide, including Charlie Zegeer and Barbara
Gray, have written the"Pedestrian Facilities User Guide: Providing Access and Safety"for the Federal
Highway Administration along with co-a~thors Cara Seiderman, Mike Cynecki, Peter Lagerwey, and
Michael Ronkin. Carol Tan Esse was the FHWA Contract Manager of that guide, scheduled to be
published in 2000.
The two new guides share similarities and differences reflecting the varied voices of the authors.
The two guides retain the same language and style in their toolkit portions, but use new and
different passages and illustrations in other chapters to convey fresh information. It is the authors'
intent that the guides assist the reader in the evolving process of managing the movement of
people and goods for health, safety, efficiency and community-building.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Streets and Sidewalks,
People and Cars ,
THE CITIZENS' GUIDE
TO TRAFFIC CALMING
April 2000
Produced by
Local Government Commission Center for Livable Communities
Author
Dan Burden. Walkable Communities, Inc.
Editing
Dave Davis
Jean Lamming
Paul Zykofsky
Design
Dave Davis
Funding by
The Physical Activity and Health Initiative, California Department of Health Services
under a Preventive Health Services Block Grant from the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Work performed as part of University of California, San
Francisco contract #9000000672.
Local Government Commission. Center for Livable Communities
1414 K Street, Suite 250. Sacramento, CA 95814-3966
tel (916) 448-1198- fax (916) 448-8246. web www. lgc.org
The Center for Livable Communities is a national initiative of the Local Government Commission, a
non-profit, nonpartisan, membership organization of elected officials, city and county staff, and other
interested individuals throughout California and other states.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Table of Contents / Introduction
The Guide Is ..............................................................
What's Inside ............................................................
11~ Street Wise
Every Street is Part of a Transportation System ................................. 2
Street Classifications ...................................................... 2
The Anatomy of a Street ................................... , ................ 3
Setbacks, Street Walls and Speeds (sidebar) ................................... 3
Transportation and Land Use ............................................... 4
Streets Influence a Driver's Behavior ......................................... 5
Faster Speeds, Smaller Fields ofVision (sidebar) ................................ 5
Street Design Matrix for Healthy Neighborhoods ............................... 6 -
Why People Speed ....................................................... 7
Rat Running: Neighborhood Cut-Through Traffic .............................. 10
2~ The Traffic Calming Process
What is Traffic Calming? .................................................. 11
Traffic Calming and Livable Communities ..................................... 12
Measures of Livable Communities .......................................... 12
Overview .............................................................. 12
Will Traffic Calming Work in My Neighborhood? ' .13
The Process ............................................................. 13
Identifying the Problem ' .14
Getting Started .14
How Do l KnowWhat Data to Collect7 ....................................... 14
Where Do l Find the Data I Need? ........................................... 15
All Data Is Not Created Equal .............................................. 15
The Past Should Not Govern the Future ...................................... 16
Public Participation and Data Collection Tools ................................. 16
1 Neighborhood Charrette ............................................. 16
2 Neighborhood Audit ' .16
3 Street Inventory .................................................... 17
Photo Credits. Unless otherwise noted, all photos The Nuts and Bolts of a Charrette (sidebar) ............................... .17
can be credited to: Dan Burden, Walkable Get It Done: ImplementYour Program ....................................... 18
Communities, Inc.; Barbara Gray, AICP, City of Maps Can Help (sidebar) 18
Seattle; and Dr. Karl Kim,Chair, Urban and Regional .................................................
Planning Department, University of Hawaii at Did It Work?: Evaluate Your Program ........................................ 19
Manoa. Icon Design by Arai/Jackson Architects & Stop Signs Mean Go, Traffic Calming Means Slow (sidebar) ...................... 19
Planners, Seattle, WA.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
~' 3~ The Toolbox Table of Contents
Traffic Calming Tools ...................................................... 20
Now to Use the Toolbox ................................................... 21
Step 1: What Needs Fixing ................................................. 22
Step 2: Determine the Type of Location ............... i .......... i ............ 22
Step 3: Select the RightTools .................. i ............................ 23
Step 4: Review theTools .................................................. 24
Bulbout or Curb Extension ............................................. 24
Chicanes ........................................................... 25
Choker or Neckdown ................................................. 26
Diverter ............................................................ 27
Driveway Link ...................................................... 28
Full Street Closure ................................................... 29
Gateway ........................................................... 30
,- intersection Median Barrier ............................................ 31
Landscaping Treatments .............................................. 32
Median ............................................................ 33
, Modified T-Intersection ............................................... 34
~ Partial Street Closure ................................................. 35
Pedestrian Refuge Island ............................................. 36
Speed Humps and Speed Tables ........................................ 37
Raised Intersection .................................................. 38
Reducing the Number of Lanes ......................................... 39
Roadway Narrowing ................................................. 40
Mini-Circle ......................................................... 41
Roundabout and Mini-Roundabout ..................................... 42
Woonerf ........................................................... 43
Additional Tools for Great Streets ........................................... 44-
Traffic Calming Tools for Schools ............................................ 48
A summary chart of"How The Tools Measure Up"is included on the back cover
(with a description provided on the inside of the back cover).
4! Resources
Neighborhood Traffic Audit ................
Street Inventory Form .................................................... $1
Speed Evaluation Form ................................................... 52
A resource bibliography is available at www. lgc.org/clc.
STREETS AND SIDEWAL'KS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Introduction
The Citizens' Guide to Traffic Calming ~.~
is a workbook'that can help you better
understand the dynamics of vehicle and
pedestrian movement, identify traffic
calming opportunities, and recommend
improvements to streets throughout your
community. Streets play an important role
in the livability, vitality, and character of our
neighborhoods, towns and cities, They link
neighborhoods and contribute to the quality
of life in every community. Every Street is'
part of a network of roadways that connects
people and goods. From the street in front
of your home or business to the regional
highway, the design of our Streets will
shape the growth and development of
our neighborhoods, and the way we live.
i STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND C,ARS
What's Inside
As communities grow, it is important that resi-
dents and government leaders take steps to
preserve their assets for future generations to
enjoy. How we do this demonstrates our core val-
ues of protecting our environment, strengthening
oursense of community, building a healthy econ-
omy, and including everyone in the process.
Walking is such a basic human activity that it has
frequently been overlOoked in the quest to build
sophisticated 'transportation systems. Now people
are Iookingto change that. They want to live in
places that are welcoming, safe and enjoyable;
they want livable communities in which they can
walk, bicycle, chat and visit With their neighbOrS.'
This guide contains information about calming
traffic and maintaining livable communities. It is Kids are comfortable in this short median
a tool to help make our neighborhoods the best island which helps reduce speeds
and most desirable places tO live. in Petguma, Cgifomi~.
Wh'at's Inside
Each of the'guide's four chapters has been pr6gram in you neighboihood is explained in
organized to help you Understand traffic calm- detail including how to evaluate streets, define
lng and apply it to your neighborhood streets, the problems you are experiencing (e.g.,lack of
You will find a .wide'array of information to places to walk, high traffic speeds), select tools
help you plan street improvements, or treatments to help solve the problems, get
Chapter 1. Street Wise describes how streets the treatments built ,and evaluate you success.
are part of a region-wide transportation sys- Chapter 3. The Toolbox describes 20 traffic
tem, discusses the relationship between trans- calming tools that can help address the
portati,on and land use, and defines the parts problems you and your city have defined. Each
of a street. Chapter 1 ends with a description tool is described and illustrated with sketches
of the relationship between street design and and photographs. Also included in this
speeding, chapter are other design elements that can
Chapter 2. The Traffic Calming Process improve the overall safety, walkability and
explains the background on traffic calming vitality of streets in your neighborhood.
and demonstrates the link between well Chapter4. Resources includestheinve~tory
designed streets and high quality neighbor- forms and tools you need to survey and eval-
hoods. The process of doing a traffic calming ' uate your streets.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS I
Street WiseChapter 1. Street Wise
From the narrowest alley to the largest inter-
state highway, all streets help us get around
our towns and cities. From trucks, to cars, to
bicycles, to feet, a community's street system
accommodates many modes of transporta-
tion. Each street within the system has many
functions and is designed to carry out these
functions as effectively as possible.
Every Street is Part turn at an intersection. For these reasons,
of a Transportation bulbouts make intersections safer for pedes-
trians. However, on major streets, we need to
System be careful not to eliminate the space needed
Streets in business districts are designed to for bike lanes.
accommodate pedestrians, Cars, transit, and
bicycles, serving a mix of activities. Streets in Street
residential areas are designed to carry people Classifications
to and from their homes. Interstate highways Street classifications define the function of
and many principal arterials are designed to each street and the standard to which it '
Bulbouts at an intersect/on/n Venice, Flor/dc carry large volumes of people and freight ovei should be designed and used. Many factors
shorten the cross/ng d/stance for pedestrians . long distances at higher speeds.
and make drivers travel more slowly around determine a street's classification, including:
corners. Designing streets is complex because each travel demand, street right-of-way width,
transportation mode may place different maintenance costs, needs for access to
demands on the street system. Sometimes adjacent property, safety, preservation of
these demands conflict. For example, bulbouts neighborhood character, distance between
or curb extensions shorten the crossing dis- major streets known as arterials, adjacent land
tance for pedestrians at an intersection. They uses, and connections to the regional trans-
. '. also reduce the speed at which vehicles can portation system and to .major destinations.
Street classifications can limit the types of
design or operational changes t~at can
be made to a street. Many of the treat-
ments presented in this guide are appro-
.priate for use, on y on certain streets.
"Arterial streets" and "residential streets"
· are designated, in part, by the use of near-
by properties. The arterial street system is
designed to carry the majority of traffic -
generally 1,500 to over 40,000 vehicles
per day throu'gh and around a communi:
ty. Residential streets provide access to,
and from individual homes and generally
carry fewer than 1,500 vehicles a daY,
usually with no trucks or transit vehicles.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Anatomy of a Street I Street Wise
Streets are used for many activities such as and must navigate shared space. Crosswalks
walking, bicycling, parking and driving. Most and curb ramps are used at intersections to
are designed to balance the demands of dif- define the pedestrian crossing area. Round-
ferent uses and create an atmosphere that is abouts control traffic at intersections while
safe, accessible, economically viable and lively, maintaining a smooth and steady traffic flow.
Like people, each street has an anatomy, and Sensors known as signal detector loops can be
each part has one or more functions. Forset to change the signal when they detect a
example, curbs define the edge of the road- car or bicycle waiting for the light.
way, improve safety by separating pedestrians Sidewalks, walkways, and paved and unpaved
from vehicles, and channel excess water to shoulders within the street right-of-way are
storm drains. Street lights increase our ability the pedestrian domain. Effective ~idewalk
to see and be seen after dark. Signs orient us to width is the area of the walkway clear of
locations, warn us about upcoming obstacles obstructions. A sidewalk that is lO'wide may
or changing conditions and regulate vehicle have an effective width that is significantly
movements. Utilities and sewers, though often narrower due to the placement of bus stop
underground, are important to the smoothshelters, utility poles, newspaper racks, signs Kalakaua Avenue in Waikiki, Hawaii,
functioning of streets, and trees. It is important to retain as much accommodates a mixture of activities.
effective sidewalk width as possible so that Note the old drain line showing how
The street often includes vehicle travel lanes, wheelchair users and others have room to much this sidewalk has been widened.
paved shoulders, parking, bicycle lanes, walk- navigate. All street furniture or landscaping
lng areas, street furniture, bus stops, utility should be arranged so that pedestrians have
poles, planting areas for landscaping and trees, adequate space to travel Neighborhood side-
and signs. The street right-of-way is the pub- walks need to be a minimum of five feet wide
licly owned area adjacent to private property, to accommodate two people walking abreast.
The intersection of two streets is one area When sidewalks are next to the street they
where pedestrians, bicyclists and drivers meet must be at least six feet wide.
STREETS AND SIDEWALK. S, PEOPLE AND CARS
Street Wise
This Olympia,
Washington, street is
pedestrian friendly.
Street trees, wide
sidewall(s, awnings
and landscaping are
some of the elements
that make this street
inviting to pedestrians.
Transportation and Land Use
Transportation and land use are closely linked, driving speeds, or buildings that are separated
Higher density land uses make it more effi- from the sidewalk by driveways or parking lots
cient, easier and cheaper to provide transit ser- are designed for drive-by traffic and create an
vice, and encourage people to walk and ride a automobile-oriented environment.
bike. Mixing land uses provides opportunities Some land uses lend themselves to certain
kinds of street activity and transportation
choices. For example, a coffee shop with out-
door seating is a magnet for pedestrians.
Customers will come by foot, bus and bicycle to
enjoy the ambience of the street while they
drink their coffee. On the other hand, a car
wash or gas station creates an entirely different
type of environment: one that is convenient for
automobile access, but difficult for pedestrians.
Some types of land uses can be designed to
give priority to one type of user over all others.
For example, a bank can be designed with a
front door and a walk up cash machine that
faces directly onto the sidewalk. The same
bank can be designed to favor the automobile
TraditionalNeighborhood (TND) for living, shopping, and working in the same by locating its front door facing a parking lot.
vs. Conventionaldeve/opment. area, reducing the need for vehicular travel. In In these examples, the activities are closely
lower density areas, the automobile is the tied to the patterns of transportation choice
The rJghtside of the diagram shows conven- most practical and often only means of trans- and affect the character of the streets on
tional development. Homes are isolated from
ever, vthJng e/se, generating an average of portation., which they are located. These various types of
10- 74 dai/,v car trips per household. The The street environment is shaped by the Ioca- land uses have important effects on the street.
neighborhood area to the/efthas the sametion and design of adjacent buildings. Tt)ese Consider the impacts of a drive-through
number of homes and lots. Everything is con- are controlled by land use oruinances, includ- restaurant on a neighborhood commercial
netted. Fire responders have multiple access ingzoningcodesanddesignguidelinesforthe street. In addition to the noise and smells,
poinis due to the grid layout. Transit is more neighborhood. Buildings with blank faces on there may be cars crossing the sidewalk creat-
workable in thJs compact, mixed-uselayout, the street are unpleasant to walk by, while lng safety concerns for pedestrians, orthecars
those that are built to the sidewalk and have might line up on the street and block the flow
(drawing.'t~amon Trios) windows and entrances are inviting to pedes- of traffic or reduce access to on-street parking.
trians. Buildings that have signs readable at
4; STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Streets Influence A Driver's Behavior Street Wise
The speed at which most cars travel down a ally narrow. Well-desfgned streets should also
roadway is dictated by several dozen environ- be part of a network that disperses traffic
mental and human factors. When 60-85% ofevenly ~nd accommodates bikes and pedestri-
the motorists are driving faster than the post- ans, and where the number and width of trav-
ed speed, there are serious problems with the el lanes is not excessive for the traffic volume.
design of that street space. Speed limit signs Older, traditional narrow streets built in a grid
and the threat of enforcement do little to set
the speed of most vehicles, pattern better distribute and naturally calm
traffic. As shown in the diagram on the previ-
Physical design influences a driver's behavior ous page, the traditional design of short blocks
more than any other factor. Often we post a set in a grid provides a human-scale environ-
local street for the maximum speed the law Tent where there are often stores and offices
permits (25 mph in most areas). Roadway not far from homes, and multiple routes of
designers will try to provide for an additional travel for vehicles. The conventional design on
margin of safety on the road by designing the the right, in contrast, separates stores, homes
street to accommodate cars traveling an addi- and schools, requiring us to use a motor vehi-
tional t0 mph over the posted speed limit, or de to reach most destinations. In addition,
35 mph. Auto designers have made sure that long, spaghetti-like street patterns with few
cars can comfortably be driven at higher end connections require wider travel ways to
speeds. Thus, many drivers travel as fast as 40- accommodate higher traffic volumes.
45 mph on streets where we live, walk and
bicycle that are posted for 25 mph. The Design Matrix for Healthy Streets (next
page) is taken from Street Design Guidelines
Ideally, streets and neighborhoods should be for Healthy Neighborhoods and details ideal
designed so that after-the-fact retrofits to speeds, road widths, and other specifications
calm the traffic are not necessary. One key ,ele- for livable neo-traditional streets.$treetDesign
Tent to designing streets that keep cars from Guiddines also provides other practical infor-
speeding is to keep streets physically or visu- mation about residential street design.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Street Wise
Design Matrix for
Healthy Streets
This matrix, taken from Street Design
6uidelJnes for Healthy Neighborhoods,
describes the characteristics of streets
designed to keep traffic speed and volume
at a level that is comfortable for residents,
pedestrians, and bicyclists. These guidelines
are designed for streets in neo-traditional
neighborhoods (see page 4).They are not
recommended for conventional neighbor-
hood development. Most streets built
in the last 50-60 years in conventional
subdivisions are wider and lack many
of the features that help calm traffic.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Street Wise
Why People Speed
There are many reasons why people speed through neighborhoods. Trees, medians, sidewalks, on-
street parking and other neighborhood design elements influence the behavior of most motorists.
The following sets of photos show how different design elements shape streets and influence
driver behavior in comparable situations. The left-hand photos represent an underlying principle
responsible for the behavior; the right-hand photos show traffic calming treatments that can be
used to modify driver behavior. The results of these treatments will vary slightly from situation to
situation.
Before After
These before and after drawings of a major road in Borgentreich, a small village in Germany,
demonstrate how a roadway can be visually narrowed to encourage slower speeds.
Before After
Grandview Avenue in University Place,Washington. Grandview was experiencing speeds in the iow
40s before traffic calming treatments were implemented. With the addition of curbs, sidewalks,
bike lanes, trees, medians, and a roundabout, speeds were reduced to the Iow 3Os.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 7
Street Wise r
Before After
In a relatively inexpensive retrofit, this Greenville, North Carolina, roadway (left) was visually
narrowed by adding pavement markings seven feet in from each side. The center line was
purposefully left out to create driver uncertainty. The resulting 20-foot wide lane slowed motorists
by 7 mph.
Trees, pavement markings and sidewalks visually tighten the road. Excessive lanes should be
dropped to help reduce speeds. Lanes that are too wide should be narrowed.
Problem Solution
11~ People speed when roads are stark. On the left, modern subdivision codes often call for
designs like this which result in speeds of 30-40 mph. There is a natural desire to make use of the
overly abundant space. These speeds can be reduced by changing municipal codes to support 24-
28 foot wide streets (curb face to curb face).
Traffic calming elements such as parking on both sides of the street, planter strips between the
street and sidewalk (so the sidewalk is buffered from the street by at least 6 feet), tree canopies,
and houses brought closer to the street create an intimate, friendly feeling. Most motorists travel
the tree-lined stieet (at the right) at 20 mph.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS /'
Street Wise
Problem Solution
21~ People speed when roads are long and seem to never end. The design of the street on the
left results in speeds of 30-40 mph.
The Suisun City, California, street (on the right) terminates the vista of a long road with a round-
about. Curb extensions are used on the corners to narrow the physical width. Parking is inset. This
design also supports fire and rescue efforts by leaving well-identified spaces where no one parks.
A minimum 20-foot street opening is maintained through this design.
Problem
Solution
31~ People speed when roads are stripped of trees. Trees offer height to the street, which allows
motorists a way to gauge speed. They create a sense of enclosure and provide a feeling of safety
and comfort.
These two photos show different locations on the same street. Cars travel in the Iow 20s on the
eight-block-long section with trees.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Street Wise Rat Running:
Neighborhood Cut-Through Traffic
'...to my father, one of the great rat runners of all time, who in 30years of commuting
worked out a route through london that avoided every stop light.,
-tribute by Donald Appleyard, livable Streets
,~~ All people - pedestrians, bicyclists and The Preferred Route
motorists - have a natural desire to stay in Moving the traffic back to the arterial system
motion. Congestion on arterial streets creates requires making the arterial street a more
delays that frustrate roadway users, sending desirable option than the residential street.
,, them looking for other options. Because
~ ,,~ ' motorists have the means to travel quickly On neighborhood streets, solutions include
w ,~ over longer distances, they can avoid traffic eliminating route continuity and Slowing
lights or congestion by cutting through neigh- motorists with traffic calming features such as
~ ~,'~ borhoods. Some motorists, particularly older bicycle boulevards, partial closures, intersection
drivers, may be drawn to residential streets to chokers, intersection medians, and one-way
· avoid troublesome intersections and fast- . out streets.
moving traffic. On principal roads, solutions include improving
"Rat Running" ii the second greatest traffic intersections and reducing delays through the
management problem described by neigh- use of roundabouts, turn pockets, or improved
', bors. Motorists cutting through the neighbor- signal timing. Engineers have a choice of
hood are usually in a hurry, anddriveatspeeds which mode of travel and which behaviors
unacceptable to residents, they wish to reward.
Rat-running route chosen by motorists This Danish commercial district provides one-way motorized
in Brisbane, traffic support, and gives higher two-way priority to pedestrians
through
neighborhood
and b/cyclists. Neighborhoods have a choice in determining
Australia. (from CART, Traffic Calming) how many motor vehicles they wish to support through their
area. By making one-direction travel inconvenient, significant
reductions can be seen in the number of motor trips.
Traffic management here has resulted in a doubling and
tripling of walking and bicycling. Retail trade and
safety in the area increased significantly.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Chapter 2. i Traffic CalmingI
The Traffic Calming Process
What Is Traffic Calming?
Traffic calming slows vehicles on streets
Where drivers travel at higher speeds
than is desirable. It is a way to reduce the
negative effects of automobile use, alter
driver behavior and improve conditions for
the property owner, retailer, walker and
bicyclist. To accomplish this, a combination
of physical treatments are used such as
bulbouts, medians, and roundabouts.
These treatments affect the driver's
perception of the street, and cause a
change in his or her behavior.
Often traffic calming measures are taken
to correct conditions on an existing street
where the original design was inappropriate
for, or no longer matches, the existing use.
In some cases changes in land use and
transportation patterns have changed
traffic speeds and volumes.
adapted from the Institute of Transportation Engineers,
Guidebook for Residential Subdivision Street Design, 1993
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 11
I Traffic Calming I Traffic Calming with slower-moving traffic. Traffic-calmed
and Livable streets also encourage more people to walk
and ride bicycles. More eyes on the street help
Cornm unities reduce crime and discgurage antisocial behav-
' ' Traffic calming helps create livable communi- ior, r~aking it safer for eVeryone.
ties where it is easy to travel by bicycle, car, Access and Mobility. Safer streets balance
transit or on foot, and to transfer from one
mobility and access for all users, particularly
mode of transportation to another. In a livable pedestrians and bicyclists. This is especially
community you have many opportunities to
important for children, seniors, and persons
interact with your neighbors because thewith disabilities.
streets are pleasant places 'to walk and social-
izeandthereareavarietyofnearbydailydes- Quality of Life. Traffic calming improves
tinations. "livability" by reducing the number of auto-
mobile trips taken - thereby decreasing levels
of pollution, congestion, and traffic-related
noise. Traffic calming devices can provide addi-
tional space within the street right-of-way for
There is often more landscaping, sidewalk amenities such as street
than one element furniture and outdoor eating areas, and transit
featured/natraff/c shelters. These amenities create pleasing
calming measure, streets, attract pedestrians, encourage people
In/-tunt/ngton, NY, to walk more frequently for short trips, and
this rned/an and increase the likelihood of interactions among
speed table help residents.
pedestrians
cross safelx. Overview
Traffic calming interventions are neighbor-
hood-based solutions to local problems iden-
Measures of Livable tiffed by residents. But because streets, s. ide-
Co m m u n it i es walks, intersections and crosswalks are part of
As part of the neighborhood workshops con- a public transportation network, changes to
them must meet the safety and design
ducted by the author in cities across the standards of the local jurisdiction. For traffic
nation, people were asked to describe what calming measures to be installed in a neigh-
was important about their community now borhood, plans for them must be reviewed
and what needed improvement over the next
and approved by city staffand often by elect-
20 years. The responses generally fell into
ed leaders. The traffic calming project must
three categories - safety, access and mobility, compete with many other roadway needs for
and quality of life. These are three indicators limited funding. Sometimes the work can be
used in this guide to determine if traffic calm- . incorporated into future maintenance or con-
ing is appropriate in neighborhoods, what struction schedules that city or county staff
traffic calming treatments are best suited to a
will be aware of.
, particular area, and methods of evaluating the
effectiveness of the treatments installed. The approval process fora traffic calming pro-
ject often involves a su[vey of residents and an
Traffic calming addresses the three indicators: analysis of the project's impact on nearby
Safety. Traffic travels slowly on traffic-calmed areas.The impetus for traffic calming can begin
streets, resulting in fewer and less severe acci- at the grassroots with neighborhood residents,
dents. The number of fatalities due to motor or at the staff level when officials identi~y prob-
vehicle crashes are also reduced on streets lets on their own. Citizens pushing for tra~c
1:2 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
calming solutions can seek assistance from city The,Rrocess I Traffic CalmingI
or county staff, and from elected officials, who The process of gaining support for and imple-
might have a particular interest in the neigh- Tenting a traffic calming intervention often
borhood or in creating more livable environ- follows a course similar to this:
merits. The entire process can take between 12
months and three years on average. 0 A neighborhood sector is defined by staff
· and residents. It is essential to limit a
Will Traffic Calming traffic calming project to an area that
Work in My shares roads and boundaries. This is often
Neighborhood? defined as a space- often one square mile
or less - between geographic and major
Traffic calming, and other transportation road boundaries.
strategies can work in any neighborhood.~ The problem is identified, often by neigh-
Communities that are organized, active and
bors, sometimes by local officials Toni-
motivated are most likely to design and carry toring traffic flow and accident data.
out effective traffic calming programs.
Communities with a capacity to develop a' I~ The problem is analyzed to verify and
plan for their future and work together to define it, using tools such as walking
carry it out are likely to find and solve traffic audits, traffic counts, speed checks, and
problems. Strong communities where people crash statistics. Residents can participate
Io0k out for each other and place a high value in and facilitate this investigation. City
on the quality of their neighborhoods have planning and public works staff can often
what it takes to set up and carry out a traffic assist by providing data, participating in
or conducting the surveys, and even lead-
calming program.
lng the process.
Traffic calming is a process as much as a prod- O In an intensive, fast-paced, highly interac-
uct. Because traffic calming is a relatively new
tive and engaging workshop (called a
idea in many communities, most people do not
"charrette"), community members envi-
understand its benefits. Many people will resist
any change, often because they don't fully sion how they want their community to
look and feel. Appropriate traffic calming
understand how traffic calming can improve solutions can be identified. Other issues
the situation. Because people who live in a
neighborhood can often generate widespread may come up in this exercise, such as a
support among neighbors, they are in a prime need for better lighting, a tree canopy, or
streetscape changes if it involves a busi-
position to call for changes to their streets.
ness district. If the charrette is held early
For traffic calming to be accepted, a majority of on, it can be used to bring people togeth-
local residents must be in favor ofthe program, er to identify and prioritize problems, and
Typically, cities seek 60 to 70% approval from rally volunteers to gather data. Later in the
the community - depending on the type ofprocess, a charrette can help citizens col-
traffic calming treatment proposed - before laborate on solutions.
building the street improvement. ~) Local government officials who have been
The process works best if many people are involved in the process move to imple-
involved: neighbors, students and staff from merit proposed solutions by integrating -frafficca/m/ng/san investment /n the
the local schools, local business owners and them into a city planning and funding commun/t~. Streets should l)a/ance the
employees, city and county staff, representa- process, commun/tyneeds ofmotor/sts, pedestr/ans,
bicyclists, mopeds, strollers, wheel chair
tires from the emergency response system~ Neighborhood leaders must gain needed users,~ndpublictransportotion users.
(including fire and police departments), and consensus and support of a majority of
anyone else who uses the streets in the neigh- impacted property owners before going
borhood on a regular basis, to the City Council.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 13
I Traffic Calming I Identifying ,... Another source of data on traffic Conditions
the Problem ' TM comes from residents themselves. Often,
concerned citizens call local elected officials or
Collecting data on the streets in your neigh- government offices with concerns and com-
borhood helps define problems. There are plaints about speeding, dangerous roadway.
many ways to identify the problem areas in conditions, and other traffic safety issues. 'You
your neighborhood. You could begin by iden-
can conduct your own survey by asking people
tifying high crash locations. Police depart- to identify what they think are the majorprob-
Tents might maintain computerized geo- leTs and potential solutions.
graphic information systems (GIS) that can
identify such locations. The charrette process provides another oppor-
tunity for citizens to help identify and pinpoint
Crash data can tell you when an' accident problems.
happened (time of day and time of year),
information about the driver behavior that Getting Started
may have contributed to the crash - such as
The best way to proceed is to collect prelimi-
speed, alcohol involvement, inattention or
misjudgment- and whether the crash result- nary data on the streets in your neighborhood.
ed in injuries or fatalities. Crash data may Where are crashes occurring? How fast are
~ !l identify a pattern among a number of crashes the cars typically traveling? How many cars
~ i~ ~ that may lead to a solution. For example, if use a street in one day? How wide are the
most of the crashes at a specific location are streets?What are the designated land uses
! occurring at night, additional lighting may and zoning that govern new development?
~ All of this information should be available for
~i~' '?>~ ~ ~;~!~I ;~,' help make the area safer.
~. ~,~,~ ~.,~. ~,~,.~ ~ your review through your city or county plan-
?-,~ ~ Traffic collisions are shaped by many different
~ ~ ~:~..:~,.~ :?.~:~:~ ~ ning and transportation departments.
~'. ~ factors. Perhaps one of the most important is
~? ~ The data you review is just one important
~ ..... ..... _ ~ traffic volume- the number of cars. Generally,
the more motor vehicles, the greater the likeli- piece of the entire traffic calming process.
Ne/ghbor$ g~thered/n ~ ch~rrette to se~eot ~nd hood of collisions. Increased speeds may also Data is not a substitute for a charrette, or an
vote for thdrtrQffic-ca/mingpriorities in the produce more collisions particularly if the engineering field inspection, which a local
Waimanalo neighborhood in Honolulu. speed increase results in shorter folloWing government will perform if it is likely the
distances or gaps between moving vehicles, project will be approved and funded. Data
helps residents and staff separate perceived
Higher speeds, in turn, are associated with a problems from real ones. This is important.
higher risk of injuries resulting from crashes, Attacking perceived problems can worsen
whether it's two vehicles colliding or a vehicle traffic effects and waste limited funds on Iow
and a pedestrian or bicyclist, or unproductive solutions.
For these reasons, it is important to look for
places in your community where volume,' HOW DO I Know What
speeds, and crashes have increased. Crash data Data to Collect?
may be available from local or state police, Data collection includes three basic compo-
transportation departments, or from local
nents. First, you need a sampling plan. Decide
health departments. If data is not available which streets and areas you will examine. If
from these sources, you may have to seek out your neighborhood is small, you can examine
other sources or collect and analyze it yourself, all streets. If it is large, you may examine a
Collecting your own data will help you learn smaller sample of streets, choosing them at
more about the streets in your neighborhood, random to ensure that they represent the pro-
(See section on conducting neighborhood jectarea.
traffic audits in the Resources chapter).
14 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND. CARS
Second, you need a survey form or other data There are also computerized databases and I Traffic Calming
collection instrument. By creating a paper geographic information .systems (GIS) for
form to fill out, you can make sure that you mapping and analyzing crash data. Check with
have captured all the necessary information in the planners, engineers, police and injury pre-
a useful format. The Neighborhood Traffic vention staff in the health department who
Audit Form and the Street Inventory Form (see serve your community to get access to data.
the Resources chapter) will help you collect the
The police may be able to provide data about
data you need or will serve as examples for
speeding and other traffic violations. It is also
other survey forms you may want to create.
important to remember, however, that traffic
Third, you need to train and coordinate the tickets can only be written when an officer is
individuals who will collect, manage, and ana- in the area. Just because police haven't been
lyze the data. It helps to involve professionals giving citations in your neighborhood doesn't
in your community who have experience with mean there aren't
these tasks. Contact tr. anspgrtation depart- problems with speed-
Tent staff for assistance in collecting and lng, running stop
analyzing data. signs, and other viola-
tioris. It also doesn't
Where Do I Find mean that more
the Data I Need? enforcement is the
answer.' Design and
Many of the elements contributing to neigh- engineering solutions
borhood safety, access, and mobility are
are often more effi-
measured and recorded by governments, uni- cient means to calm
versities or other data collection bureaus. A traffic.
municipal public works or transportation ~'
~department, for instance, has data on traflic Tools of the trade.
volumes, speeds, and levels ofservice (LOS) for All Data Is Not
mostmaiorstre~tsandroadsinitsjurisdiction. Created Equal.
There are also construction standards set by Some of the data you need may not be avail-
federal and state transportation agencies, ableorcouldbeoutofdate. You might need to
"na.tional associations of civil engineers and update or adct'to the existing data. If your
Io(~al public works officials, which specify speed neighborhood is small, then you may be able
limit.s, travel lane dimensions, and other road- to conduct a street-by-street walking invento-
'way ~:eatures. ry of the traffic problems, using a traffic audit
The planning department almost always has form like the one provided in the Resources
maps that show the locations of parcels, roads, chaPter.
streets, street widths, block lengths, schools If your neighborhood is geographically very
'and shopping areas and other land uses. They large, you might need to conduct a windshield
may also have aerial photographs of manysurvey - driving around to various parts of
neighborhoods, your community, stopping at key locations,
Crash data are collected by the police depart- and observing the conditions. You will need to
Tent. Keep in mind that not all crashes are divide your community into a number of
reported to the police and not all ofthe data on smaller sectors and assign individuals from
the police reports is complete or 100% accu- each of these areas to conduct the assess-
rate. The crash reports and their summaries merits.
provide a snapshot of traffic safety in your
community. Accident reports can help to iden-
tify the nature and extent of safety problems.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 15
J Traffic Calming I The Past Should Not
Govern the Future.
Data is a picture of howthings were in the past.
Observation is how things are today. Vision is
how you want things to be in the future.
Many planners and engineers assume auto
traffic on a given street will continually
increase. A neighborhood, however, might
decide that it wants to reclaim a historic center
business roadway for a vital pedestrian district.
In this case, future social and retail uses could
demonstrate a need to calm traffic, even
though accident or volume data were insuffi- Measuring block lengths or crossing distances,
cient to support it. Because of the focus on rna, v be cornp/eted as part ofa street inventory.
pedestrians, the historic retail district after traf-
fic calming might exhibit slow traffic speeds
and congestion levels that would 'not be Your city's transportation department needs
appropriate on streets where traffic circulation to play a major role. Contact department staff
is more ora priority, or your elected representative to find out how
to best work with them. Staff should work
Public Participation with you to organize and lead a neighborhood
and Data Collection charrette.
ToolS 2! Neighborhood
Three of the primary tools that citizens can use Aud it
invite k/ds of ail ages to the neighborhood to promote traffic calming solutions for their
charrette. Young children have an important neighborhood include the neighborhood You are ready to conduct an inventory of the
perspective to share, charrette, the neighborhood traffic audit, and conditions on your streets. Begin by distributing
the street inventory, the Neighborhood Traffic Audit form (in the
Resources chapter) to neighborhood residents,
1! Neighborhood business owners, shoppers, and school chil-
Charrette dren. Ask them to identify conditions in your
neighborhood: how traffic behaves, conditions
The best way to get people involved is to hold for pedestrians and bicyclists, noise, and park-
a neighborhood charrette. A charrette is an ihg availability.
intensive, fast-paced, highly interactive and
engaging workshop. The key elements forThe form asks stakeholders to describe the
planning a charrette in your neighborhood are problem locations such as those streets that
are not able to handle the demands placed on
described in the sidebar on the next page.
them, either by vehicles, pedestrians or bicy-
Charrettes work best when they involve resi- clists. Are there places in your neighborhood
dents and neighborhood business owners,that are used frequently by children and
and representatives from schools, places of seniors, such as school zones or the path
worship, and local government. Charrette between a retirement community and a
activities should draw out issues and grocery store?Conductingtheauditwill help
problems and help people identify practical you assess how well the streets in your neigh-
solutions. The priorities and projects derived borhood work.
from a charrette form the framework of your
traffic calming program. ~
16 STREETS. AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
3~ Street Inventory Traffic Calming
The next step is to use the Street Inventory of the roadway. Peak volumes usually occur at
form (in the Resources chapter) to record data rush hours and school drop off and pickup
about your neighborhood streets. The form times. Traffic volume counts are used to esti-
asks you to describe the physical elements on mate Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT),
your street, including parking, sidewalks, and Average Daily Traffic (ADT), and Peak Hour
block length. Other data to collect include traf- Volume (PHV) measurements. Each measure-
tic speeds and volumes. Data on traffic volume ment plays a role in determining whether your
is easy to collect by counting the vehicles street is designed properly, given the levels of
and/or pedestrians that pass a particular point vehicle and pedestrian traffic.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 17
Traffic Calming Get It Done: . major utility project, comesupto
Implement Your redesign a street all at once. More
frequently improvements are made
r ro,.j ram one at a time over a number of years.
Here's how you begin to implement your Setting priorities allows you to focus
. neighborhood traffic calming program: on the key improvements first. Use
the priorities that were set dtidng the
:, ~ Present proposals to transportation neighborhood charrette as a basis.
,. department staff. They are responsible
for building the traffic calming tools ~ Document community support.
recommended in your plan. Present Many of the traffic calming tools are
your proposals clearly and concisely, new, costly, or controversial enough to
· Pictures and diagrams help. the-,.~. require resources asheets show tOand ofP~ support summaries and fund from thefn, of citizens
~: ",, ~ Estimate costsl Use the cost estimates -'an
~ '~ in the tool kit to figure o'ut how much c~,,n_~n
"'-: . your proposals might cost. neighborhood charrettes are good
~' '~rr/' '~ ~ Investigate other related plans, documentation of interest. Neighbor-
Find out what other departments may hood surveys or petitions also demon-
have plans for your street - such as strate community support for your plan.
the
state
transportation
~epartment, . ~ Develop recommendations.
utilities and water departments, parks Work with transportation department
and recreation departments, and others, sta~ preferably as you are formulating
: , ~ Prioritize your recommendations, your recommendations. There is often
IIii ~"~,~ o~,, ~o,,~,,~d~nt~ Sometimes an opportunity, such as a more than one way to achieve a neigh-
18 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
borhood goal. City staff can helpyou need to collect data on the conditions and
determine the effect of an idea on the problems prior to and after implementation of
street's safety and functioning and the strategies and treatments.
likelihood of obtaining grant funding
from outside sources. ' Did the traffic volume change? Did it go up or
down? What about travel speeds? How about
~.- Follow up on implementation, the number of pedestrian
Be patient and persist?nt. Ca!rying out crashes or injuries? How did the
a traffic calming plan can often take physical environment change
many years, as a result of the implemented
treatments and actions? Has
Did it Work?: the number of complaints
Evaluate You r about speeding or parking vio-
Prog ram lations decreased? What about
the mood of the community?
It is important to evaluate the strategies and Do residents feel safer and bet-
treatments which have been implemented, ter about their neighborhoods?
Have they been effective in reducing speed, Has pedestrian activity
volume, and collisions? Has the environment increased? Has the level of social interaction It is useful to prepare diagrams of traffic
become more conducive to walking and other between people in-creased? calming proposals to show transportation
non-motorized forms of travel? Did the quality
of life in the community improve as a result of Make sure tO share your evaluation with trans- department sta~ elected officials and
traffic calming? Did the treatments have all the portation'or public works department staff, other kev dec/sion-makers.
intended effects? Program evaluations are useful for cities and
counties to review as they look at doing tra~c
The before-and-after evaluation process is the calming projects in other neighborhoods.
simplest way of evaluating your program. You
20 mph ..........
btop Stop Stop Stop
O' 500' 1000' t 500'
Circle Circle O~le Circle
STREETS'AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 19
~h~ ;0o,box Chapter 3.~The Toolbox
This chaPter consists of a toolbox of
resources that help you understand
different traffic calming tools and tech-
niques. Each toolbox page describes a
tool and provides guidance on how to use
it properly to improve safety, access and
mobility - and the quality of life for the
whole neighborhood.
': 20 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
HOW TO USE THE TOOLBOX I The Toolbox
B efore you select a tool, you need to
know how it works. You also need to
know what you're tryin9 to fix. Remember
that streets accommodate a variety of
activities. Improvements are not really
improvements if they shift a problem to
the next block. .
~Test your ideas - if your proPosed
improvement solves a problem in
your immediate area but Creates a
problem somewhere else, it,s time
to rethink your solution. Mistakes
can be avoided early on by first
learning all that you can about the
traffic calming tools that may be appropriate
for your street and consulting with city
traffic engineers and others to ensure
proper application of the tools.
Keep in mind that this toolbox is neither a ~'
substitute for a detailed engineering study
nor does it replace sound engineering
judgement. Following your conceptual ·
work, your city engineer or consultant will
prepare a formal engineering study and
prepare final plans.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 21
The Toolbox I
Four Steps
This chapter is designed to take you through the following four critical steps:
1) Identify what needs fixing;
2) Determine the type or types of locations you are dealing with;
3) Select the too!s that might work in these cases;and
4) Review the tools in more detail to' understand how they work.
Step 1,: What Needs Fixing?
Use the space below to briefly describe the situation in your neighborhood that could benefit
from traffic calming. Perhaps it is a' difficult mid-block crossing. Maybe your community is
considering installing a traffic signal at a busy intersection. Perhaps you need to address concerns
such as high volumes of through traffic, trucks cutting through on residential streets, or poor pedes-
trian access to a school or shopping area.
It's a good idea to get a small notebook to compile your data and record thoughts and ideas as you
develop your traffic calming program. ·
Step 2: Determine the Type of Locations
N ot all traffic calming tools will work for the problems you are experiencing. The toolbox
describes four types of locations - spot locations, intersections, roadways, and district-wide -
Spot Location and identifies the traffic calming tools that work best for each. You will find that some traffic calm-
ing tools are appropriate for more than one type of location.
Throughout this chapter, look for the symbols shown here. You will find one or more of them in the
margin for each traffic calming tool. They will help you determine if that particular tool is appro-
Intersection priate for the problem you are trying to fix.
A Spot Location is a specific location on a roadway that is not an intersection. One example of
a spot location is a mid-block bus stop.
· The Intersection of two or more streets is an area'where pedestrians, bicyclists and drivers meet
Roadway and must navigate the same space.
Roadway refers to improvements that would be applied along a'stietch of road (such as bicycle
lanes) or at multiple locations along a road {such as adjusting traffic signal timing).
District A District encompasses many streets within a defined area. All of the tools are appropriate for
districts.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEO'PLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
Step 3: Select the Right Tools
'he table below will help you determine the best tool or set of traffic calming tools to use:
in a spot location, at an intersection, along a roadway, or within a district. Some tools are effec-
tive in more than one type of location.
Tool Page Spot Location ~ Intersection Roadway District
Bulbout (curb extension) 24 ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/
Chicanes 25 - - ./
Choker (neckdown) 26
Diverter 27 - ,/ -
Driveway Link 28 - - ,/ ,/
Full Street Closure 29 - - ,/ ,/
Gateway 30
Intermediate Median Barrier 31 - ,/ ./ ./
Landscaping Treatments32 ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/
Median 33 - - ./ ./
Modified T-Intersection 34 - ,/ - ,/
Partial Street Closure35 - ,/ ,/ ,/
Pedestrian Refuge Islands 36
Speed Humps and Tables37 ,/ ,/ - ,/
Raised Intersection 38 - ,/ - ,/
Reducing Number of Lanes 39 - - ./ ./
Roadway Narrowing 40 - - ,/ ,/
Mini Circles 41 - ./ - ,/
Roundabout/Mini-Roundabout
Woonerf 43 - - ./
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS. PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox Step 4: Review the Tools
I I Bulbout or Curb Extension
B ulbouts or curb extensions extend the sidewalk or curb line into the street, reducing
·" / ~ the street pavement width. Bulbouts calm traffic speeds and improve pedestrian
ii.: : / crossings. They shorten crossing distances and reduce the time pedestrians are
ii exposed to traffic. Bulbouts improve visibility for pedestrians and motorists.
· i. ~": "' / Bulbouts placed at an intersection discourage motorists from parking in a crosswalk or
from blocking a curb ramp. Motorists may travel more slowly at intersections or mid-
block locations with bulbouts depending upon how narrow the roadway becomes.
Used in sequence, especially with landscaping, bulbouts tighten overly wide streets.
The more restricted the street width becomes, the slower motorists tend to travel.
Bulbouts also reduce turning speeds at intersections.
· Used for
~ ~ Improving safety for pedestrians and motorists at
~ intersections and midblock locations. ,
from Ma~ing StreetsThatWork, Seattle 1995 ~ Increasing visibility and reducing speed of turning
motor vehicles at intersections (if designed correctly).
~ Improving midblock visibility of pedestrians by bringing
them to the edge of parked vehicles.
~
Encouraging pedestrians to cross at designated locations.
~ Preventing motorists from parking at corners.
~ Improving access for emergency responders and large
vehicles to narrow streets that might be blocked by
on-street parking.
~ Providing opportunity for high quality ramps for
people with disabilities.
~ Providing location for landscaping and public amenities.
· Considerations
~ Best used where on-street parkin9 exists.
~ When bike lanes are included, principal street curb
extensions are adapted to permit a 5-foot lane.
~ Mid-block curb extensions provide
an opportunity to enhance midblock crossings and
create a place to plant trees or add landscaping.
· Cost
'fhisbu/boutinFenice, Florida, reduced motorists turning speeds by 6-8 ~ $5,000-520,000 each. Can be built for little or no
mph. ~'he /)u/bout a/so reduced pedestrian cross/ng distonce ond t/meadditional cost during a street reconstruction.
exposed to traffic.
24 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
Chicanes
C hicanes usually consist of a series of bulbouts or curb extensions that narrow the
street to one lane at selected points and force motorists to slow down to maneuver ,? .:. '
between them. Such treatments are intended for use only on residential streets or
quiet portions of a downtown with Iow traffic volumes (under 1,500 cars per day), ::
.,:
where it is desirable to greatly restrici vehicle speeds and movements. :':
· Used for ':.i. '
~ Reducing vehicle speeds on long blocks '":*
,,
(over 500 feet). ."
~ Adding greenery and visually narrowing '::' -
appearance of street.
~ Creating a park-like environment.
~ Assuring 20-foot opening for fire truck .:.
operations, from Making Streets That Work, Seattle 1995
· Considerations
~ Chicanes minimize problems at driveway
openings, but eliminate four on-street
parking spaces.
~ Properly designed and planted, chicanes
create appearance that street ends mid-
block. This further reduces speeding, and
can reduce volumes on some streets.
~ Can be used with or without existing
curbing. In many cases drainage can flow
along existing curb line, but can create
new maintenance problems.
I'
· Cost
~.- For a set of three, $10,000 to $20,000.
Ch/canes can be used on streets with or without sidewalks. These chicanes
narrow this Main Street to two lanes and require traffic to move slowly.
This style of chicane can easily handle 5,000 to 10,000 vehicles per day.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 25
The Toolbox
B'l Choker or Neckdown
L ike a partial street closure (p. 35), a choker narrows the mouth of an intersection.'
However, a choker does not just block one movement (either entering or exiting
'~%~Z~ .~ the intersection), but instead consists of a set of curb bulbouts which narrows the
intersection to one lane, causing motorists to slow when entering or exiting.
~ ~,,~ ~ Slowing vehicles at entry-point and mid-point alongthe street.
~ Improving safety for pedestrians and motorists at
intersections; increases visibility and reduces speed
'¥"" ' of turning motor vehicles if designed correctly.
f~omMakingStreetsThatWork, Seattle1995 ~ Encouraging pedestrians to cross at designated locations.
~ Preventing motorists from parking at corners.
~ Improving access for emergency responders and large
vehicles to narrow streets that might be blocked by,
on-street parking.
~ Improving compliance with the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA).
~ Improving public space.
· Considerations
~ Narrowing street opening or mid-block point to 14 feet
is essential. If narrowing is not restrictive enough two
vehicles will pass one another and speed reductions
are minimal.
~ Works best when street volumes are above 600 and
under 2,000 ADT.
~ Midblock chokers provide an opportunity to enhance
midblock crossings, create a community pocket park
and places to plant trees.
~ To assist large-vehicle entry, such as fire trucks, design
to enhance right-turn movements (place curb extension
on right-side of entry).
· Cost
This choker, in South Miami, Florida, 'thokes" the entrance of the street to a ~ $5,000-$20,000 each depending on site conditions
nine-foot travel lane. and desired landscaping.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
· Forced Turn · Star
· Diagonal · Truncated
Adiverter consists of an island or curbed closure which prevents certain through ' · :-~-,
and/or turning movements at intersections of residential streets. - '.~:,~e ~' .
^ diagonal diverter breaks up cut through movements and forces right or left turns in
certain directions. A star diverter consists of a star-shaped island placed at the inter-
section.which forces right turns from each approach. A truncated diagonal diverter is
a diverter with one end open to allow additional turnip§ movements. Other types of
island diverters can be placed on one or more approach legs to prevent through and Diagonal Diverter
As with other tragic calming measures, diagonal diverters must be used in coniunction
with other traffic calming devices within the neighborhood street network. Any of
these div~rters should be designed to allow pedestrian, bicycle and emergency access.
· Used for ~ ?~{'-'--
~ Traffic volume control.
~ Discouraging commuter or other inappropriate traffic from entering Star
or cutting through a ~eighborhood.
~.- Creating part of a bicycle boulevard system.
~ Creating a small pocket park.
· Considerations
~ Diverters are a very strong measure and will have negative impacts
on residents who use the streets daily.
~'- Consider less restrictive measures first.
~.- Try to solve main corridor problem first. Will an intersection improvement
curtail cut-through traffic?
~'- Diverters should have strong neighborhood support before they are installed. Truncated Diverter
~ Used most effectively on grid streets, or other patterns where many linkages exist.
~ Evaluate neighborhood traffic patterns to de termine whether other st re ets ~/~,
and emergency operations, sanitation, school bus and transit would be
adversely affected.
~'- It is often possible to build a diverter to permit emergency response and bus access. ~.~.. .~ /~
:~ Design diverters with ramps to allow bicycle and ADA access. , #/-~ ,,,/~~ '///
· Cost
~ $'10,000-$20,000 per treatment. Forced Turn Diverter
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 27
The Toolbox
Driveway Link
D riveway links refer to the use of a winding street pattern which allows for two-
"' /, ~. ~l; !'l way through movements while fordng vehicles to pass through one at a time.
Driveways create a link to the street for residents. The serpentine pattern provides areas
' * which can be planted with trees and bushes to create visual obstructions.
Such designs are usually implemented with construction of a new neighborhood
street or during reconstruction of an existing street. This type of design can be more
,, expensive than other traffic calming options and needs to be coordinated with drive-
way access.
· Used for
~ Changing the entire look of a street.
Sends a significant message to drivers
that the nature of the road is not for
fast driving.
~ Creating slow streets in new neighbor-
hood construction.
:>'- Slowing traffic on overly long blocks
that were poorly designed.
~ Creating a network of pocket parks
that can significantly improve property
values in an area.
· Considerations
~ Expensive. Where cost is a concern,
other lower cost traffic calming
strategies might be equally effective.
:>- M~)st cost-effective where a street will
soon undergo major reconstruction for
utilities or other purposes.
· Cost
~ High cost ($60,000-$90,000 if retrofit),
but less expensive if street is being
rebuilt or with new construction.
The driveway link is a curving roadway that helps
slow traffic through the use of landscaping and
colored pavement.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Full Street Closure
Afull street closure is accomplished by installing a physical barrier that blocks a
street to motor vehicle traffic either in initial design (e.g., new cuFde-sac) Or by
closure of an existing street. A street closure is done on a local street to prevent
through traffic, but allows access for pedestrians (including wheelchair users),
bicyclists and emergency responders.
Street closures typically shift traffic to other neighborhood streets and should only be
considered if no other treatment will work. It is important to approach traffic calming
from a neighborhood-wide perspective.
Don't use street closures to solve crime or other social problems. Often other tools,
such as an intersection median barrier, will address the cut-through problem without
such severe ripple effects.
· Used for ~
~.- Limiting motor vehicle traffic to certain areas.
:~ Creating a short pedestrian mall.
~ Creating a park, public plaza or other public space.
~'- Establishing an overall traffic management strategy.
· Considerations
~ Has highest negative impact on local residents.
~,- Highly restrictive. Analyze if new traffic patterns will
adversely affect other streets in a negative manner.
May generate new auto trips. Always use with caution.
~ Do not use to address social or crime problems.
~- Requires attention to turning movements of vehicles
at street end.
~ Not effective as a speed reduction measure.
:~ Design should allow walking, bicycling, and access
for people with disabilities, emergency responders,
transit and school buses. Use only if non-motorized
access is improved to key locations.
[] Cost
~ 530,000-$100,000 for a landscaped closure,
depending on the design.
A ful/street closure, like this one in Cambridge, Massachusetts,
changes tra~c patterns and is thus rarely used.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 29
'l The Toolbox
'~J~ gateway is a physical or geometric landmark on an arterial street which indicates
a change in environment from a major road to a lower speed residential or com-
merdal district. Gateways may be a combination of street narrowing, medians, signs,
arches over the roadway, roundabouts, or other identifiable feature. Gateways send a
clear message to motorists that they have reached a specific place and must reduce
speeds.
· Used for
~.- Transitianing to a new area, such as a
commercial district or neighborhood.
~ Creating a unique image for an area.
~ Sending a message to motorists that
they are traveling from a principal road-
way to a commercial or neighborhood
district, and that they are expected to
slow to an appropriate speed.
· Considerations
~ Most effective in speed reduction if
gateway treatment initiates a new
visual image, such as a consistent
new streetscape.
~ Effect is increased if opening slows
turning speed.
~ Often used in conjunction with other
pedestrian enhancements, such as
medians, bulbouts and paver treatments.
~ Strong visual effects are essential.
· Cost
:~ Will vary depending on design.
The combination of street lamps, landscaping, street trees and intricately
paved media can create a gateway we/coming residents and visitors to
the center of town.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
Intersection Median Barrier E
T his shortened version of a raised curb median extends through the intersection a
distance adequate to prevent cross-street through movements and left-turning ... ~ ~=~:~. ~ /
movements to cross streets from the main street. This treatment benefits pedestrians ////
who need to cross any leg of the intersection and restricts vehicle entry into and out
of neighborhoods, and can therefore greatly reduce cut-through traffic. As with a
4Pedestrianfeet, but 8refugefeet isiSlandpreferred. (p' 36), the intersection median barrier can be as narrow as J~ ~:~//~
· Used for ~ ~
~ Reducing cut-through traffic on a ~ /~~~J~j~~ ~
neighborhood street.
~ Creating bicycle boulevard streets.
~ Improving pedestrian access across ~/~~ ~
busy collector and arterial streets.
· Considerations
~ Worl(s best with grid pattern or other
tightly laced neighborhoods where
there are many points of entry.
:~ Local residents need to be provided
access and should not be required to
drive excessive distances to reach
their homes.
~ Analyze traffic patterns to see how
much, if any, traffic will be diverted
to other streets.
~ Design must include safe and
convenient emergency vehicle,
bicycle and pedestrian access.
~ Can be used internally in a neighbor-
hood, but is more frequently used on
edges an.d entries.
~ May improve capacity of principal
roadway, thus keeping road to
minimal number of lanes.
· Cost Intersection median barriers should be designed to al/ow wa/king and
~'~ $10,000¥20,000 bicycling trips through the neighborhood.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 31
The Toolbox
Landscaping Treatments
The careful use of landscaping along a street provides separation between
motorists and pedestrians, reduces the roadway's effective width (which in turn
can reduce vehicle speeds),and provides a more pleasant street environment for both
pedestrians and motorists. If an entire block of residents approves a landscaping plan,
more landscaping options are available than would be available to a single individual.
This can include a variety of trees, bushes, and large flower pots, which can be planted
in the area between the sidewalk or walkway and the street. All proposed landscap-
ing options should conform to parks and recreation department standards, and local
government maintenance ca ~abilities.
· Used for
~ Enhancing the street environment and improving property values.
~ Projecting an image that the street is part of a place rather than a through route.
:~ Creating energy-saving green environment, cooling and preserving asphalt
life, and tempe.ring motorist behavior. Tree canopies can reduce energy costs
to residential and Commercial properties by up to 10%.
~ Enhancing all other types of traffic calming measures.
~ Increasing neighborhood pride, ownership and c(~mmitment to work together.
~ Reducing water runoff.
Placed in the median and along the sidewalk, these palm · Considerations
trees in Ft. Meyers, Florida, slow traffic, keep the pavement ~ Requires close coordination and teamwork within neighborhood
cooler, and enhance the appeal of the retailstreetscape. ~ May require additional funding by neighborhood for maintenance.
This funding is often handled through neighborhood association fees,
a volunteer effort, or other cooperation.
~ Use Iow-growth shrubs where ability to see cars or pedestrians (sight distances)
such as at corners - is critical.Trees should be under-trimmed to eight feet.
~ Xeriscaping helps hold down water use and reduce other maintenance costs.
~ In snow country, consider designs that minimize negative impacts On snow
removal and storage.
~ Requires close coordination and cooperation of neighborhood.
~ Consult with arborist as to best street tree species for the region.
~ In commercial districts trees should not block signs or building fa(;ades.
· Cost
These curb extensions in Olympia, Washington, have
been landsCaPed with nativep/ants. ~ Varies. From $1,000-$10,000 is typical. Often city or county will pay for
initial installation and tree maintenance while the neighborhood will agree
to maintain smaller plants. Some cities maintain greenhouses to assist
neighborhoods with free plantings.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Median
Amedian may be considered to be a long pedestrian refuge island which is raised
and located near the center portion of the street. Medians provide a refuge for
pedestrians and bicyclists who cross a street mid-block or at intersections. Adding
medians to existing streets may require reducing lane widths, the number of lanes,
and/or removing on-street parking. Medians can be designed with turning pockets at
intersections or at restricted locations. Typically, safety is enhanced due to a reduction
in vehicle speed and an increase in separation between opposing directions of traffic
and a reduction in points of conflict where turns are allowed.
Medians provide a signature landscape opportunity and can increase community
pride and sense of place.
· Used for
~ Managing motor vehicle traffic and providing comfortable left-hand
turning pockets with fewer lanes or more narrow lanes.
~ Improving access across streets in commercial, park and transit districts
or corridors.
~- Providing a refuge for pedestrians and bicyclists crossing the street.
~ Increasing roadway efficiency by upto 30 percent, from Making StreetsThatWork, Seattle1995
~ Providing space for street trees and other landscaping while reducing
water runoff.
~ Improving access to some properties, especially when used in conjunction
with roundabouts or other means to create U-turn opportunities.
· Considerations
~ Most critical on high-volume, high-speed collectors and arterials.
)'- Will often increase property values.
~ Can double the safety of roadway by reducing conflicts.
~ Use small medians or bedestrian refuge islands if cost or driveway access ·
is an issue.
~ Conversion of former wide streets may allow for bike lanes, wider sidewalks,
green planter strips and other measures that temper inappropriate driving
speed on main roads.
~ If full medians are used, some driveways can only be accessed with U-turn
or other turn option. Most business and residential property owners must Used in combination with bike lanes, this landscaped reed/-
understand the benefits and disadvantages. Often the benefits outweigh an in Seattle, Washington, converted this fast street to one
the disadvantages, but these issues must be explained and well-understood, lane in each direction that is pleasant for walking, bicycling
and driving. The prudent driver sets the speed for all.
· Cost
~ $15,000-$30,000 or more per 100 feet (priced on lineal foot).
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
Modified T-Intersection
This design treatment is intended for certain T-intersections in residential areas
where the speeds of through traffic need to be reduced. It involves a gradual curb
¢~ ......... ;"~' extension or bulb at the top of the T so that vehicles are deflected slightly as they pass
straight through the intersection (see diagram at left). This type of design helps to
discourage cut-through traffic in a neighborhood. Careful design for each site is
:~ ~ ~.!ii. aboutrequired to ensure that the deflection slows drivers but does not cause confusiOn'permitted movements. · Used for
~ Reducing vehicle speeds through a
T-intersection on a residential street.
~'- Narrowing field of vision (with well-
landscaped median islands and curb
extension).
~ Simpli~ing street crossings for
pedestrians and bicyclists.
· Considerations
~ Used when vehicle volumes are Iow
to moderate and intended to provide
primarily for local traffic.
~ Works best for Iow to moderate traffic
volumes (up to ~,200 ADT).
~ Consider a mini-traffic circle, semi-
diverter, or intersection slow-point
as a less expensive treatment.
~ Does not provide as many safety
benefits as a mini=circle.
· Cost
~'- $30,000-$60,000
A modified T-intersection in Portland, oregon.
STREETS AND S DEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
Partial Street Closure I
A partial street closure blocks one direction of motor vehicle travel into or out of an
dntersection. It can also block one direction of travel on a two-way street. Partial ~.:..~.. "~
street closures can be one-way, but are often two-way. If one way, then they should ~
be marked with signs such as DO NOT ENTER, NO LEFT TURN arNO RIGHT TURN. '",,,, ~'*":
A partial closure impacts adjacent streets;therefore, it is important tO include neigh- ~
bors in the planning process. They should be designed to allow easy access by
bicyclists and pedestrians.
· Used for
~ Preventing turns from an arterial
street onto a residential street.
~ Reducing the use of the street
as a cut-through route. ,
~ Restricting access to a street
without creating one-way streets. ,
:~ Creating a pocket park and from Making StreetsThatWork, Seattle 1995
enhancing the neighborhood.
· Considerations
~ Analyze whether less restrictive
measures would adequately solve
the problem.'
~'- Analyze whether other adjacent local
streets will be adversely affected.
~ May be an option to a full street closure.
~ Can increase distance that residents
may need to travel and put additional
traffic on other streets.
~ Should be designed to allow emergency,
bicycle and pedestrian access.
· Cost
~ $12,000-$20,000
The partial street closure here permits a Iow speed exit only. Emergency fire and
medical responders can still enter. Pedestrians and bicyclists have full access.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
J J Pedestrian Refuge island
APedestrian refuge island is a raised island placed in the ~enter of the street at
intersection or mid-block locations to help protect pedestrians from motor
vehicles. As with medians, refuge islands allow pedestrians to be concerned with only
one direction of traffic at a time. For example, a pedestrian can cross to the refuge
island and wait for an adequate gap in traffic before crossing the second half of the
street. Where mid-block or intersection crosswalks are to be installed at uncontrolled
locations (i.e., where there are no traffic signals or stop signs), raised medians should
IIII IIII be strongly considered as a supplementto the crosswalk.?edestrian refuge islands can
~ ~ be as narrow as 4 feet, but 8 feet is preferred.
· Used for
particularly at un-signalized crossing points.
~ Fstablishing"Safe RoutesTo School"crossings.
~ Reducing left turn crashes.
· ~ Simplifying pedestrian decision-making to
f~om Makita Streets That Work, Seattle 1995
one or two threats at a time.
· Considerations
~* Most critical on roadways'with high speeds
and high traffic volumes.
~ Continue to provide for bicycle lane access
on principal roadway.
~ Can be used effectively with a lane width
reduction strategy (narrowed to 10 feet).
~ Important to create a 4 foot minimum standing
area, with 8 feet preferred.
~ Keep street opening as wide as the crosswalk
(typically .10 feet or more on a principal street).
~ Illuminate island and highlight with landscaping,
trees, and reflectors to ensure motorist can see it.
:~ Can be used in snow country as long as the
islands are clearly marked for plows.
· Cost
~ $6,000-$10,000 for basic island,
A refuge island with pavement markings in midtown more for significant landscaping.
Sacramento, California. ..
36 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
Speed Humps and Speed Tables
Speed humps are typically paved with asphalt, approximately 3-6 inches high at
their center, and extend the full width of the street. The higher the vertical rise, the
better the humps work to reduce vehicle speed. This popular traffic calming device has
some negative aspects, however. They may delay emergency vehicle response times
by 5-10 seconds each, create noise and often shift the speed problem to a parallel
adjacent street. Often they have minimal impact on the worst drivers, while punish-
ing the most responsible motorists.
If no other options are available, speed humps should be spaced 400 to 500 feet apart
for maximum effect. They should also be part ora neighborhood-wide traffic calming
program.
A speed table is essentially a fiat-topped speed hump. Speed tables can be a good
solution at school crossings, trail crossings and in parking lots. Speed tables are often
striped as crosswalks or constructed out of brick pavers. Speed humps and tables must
be well-marked and well-lit so that they can be detected from 200-300 feet.
· Used for
~ Traffic calming narrow streets where few other measures can be applied.
~ Reducing speeds where crosswalks and trails cross local and tow-volume
collector roadways.
· Considerations
~ Has minimal effect on trucks and sport utility vehicles and may worsen
speeding with problem drivers.
~ Can be used as a series of two humps (undulation) to impact all vehicle types.
~ May make a neighborhood appear to be a"problem area."
~ Should not be used in a series on emergency response routes or bus routes.
~ Use when problems are very localized and can be controlled with a single
measure.
~ Often found by adjacent neighbors to be noisy. Noise problems can be
reduced with careful design.
~ Lowest priced traffic calming feature.
~ The aesthetics of speed humps and speed tables can be improved
through the use of COlor and specialized paving materials.
~ Can be used in conjunction with other measures, such as short
Speed humps are frequent/,v used on resident/a/streets to
medians, medians and gateways, reduce speeds. However, they can create unwanted noise and
~ Speed tables are especially useful around schools, libraries and parks shift the speeding problem to other streets in the neighbor-
where high pedestrian flow is anticipated, hood. Often the same res/dents asking for their instal/at/on
· Cost are the ones asking for their removal one)ear later.
~ $2,000 for humps, and $5,000-$15,000 for tables. Prices will vary
depending on drainage treatment and materials selection.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 37
Raised Intersection
Araised intersection involves providing ramps on each of the intersection
-- approaches and elevating the entire intersection by approximately 6 inches. The
crosswalks on each approach are also elevated as a part of this treatment. Bollards are
sometimes added to reduce the likelihood of drivers cutting through the intersection
on the sidewalk. The intersection ramps are usually made of concrete, but may be con-
structed of paving stones, bricks, or other materials. As with other vertical treatments
such as speed humps or speed tables, these devices are uncomfortable for bus and
emergency vehicle passengers.
~-Reducing conflict speed at most critical
location.
~ Improving pedestrian and bicycle access
and safety at most critical location
~ Creating a prime corner ("100% corner")
and increasing public amenities.
· Considerations
~ Requires good sight distances, and can-
not be used effectively on steep grades.
~'- Must coordinate design with transit,
emergency responders and other major
operators.
~ If cost is prohibitive, consider speed
tables as an alternative.
~ May increase values of adjacent
residential and commercial properties.
· Cost
, ~ $25,000 to $70,000 for compact
~i~~' ~ : intersections. Costs are less if drainage
interruption is minimized.
This Eureka, Cafifomia, street has a raised intersection, which uses
colored, textured pavers to make the street more attractive.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
Reducing the Number of Lanes
Reducing the number of lanes on an existing multi-lane roadway reduces .
crossing distances for pedestrians and can slow vehicles to approPriate
speeds. For example, a four-lane, undivided road can be converted to one
through lane in each direction with a center left-turn lane. and bicycle lanes
on both sides of the roadway (pictured below).
Another option would be to reduce a four-lane, undivided road to one
through lane in each direction with a center turn lane with short medians, left
turn pockets, and bicycle lanes. This configuration eliminates the possibility
of drivers using the center left-turn lane as a through lane, while providing a
pedestrian refuge and a dedicated bicycle lane. If the roadway has no side-
wall(s, these may also be added.
If there are sidewalks with adequate room,a landscaped buffer may be installed
to separate pedestrians from the travel lane. Roadway capacity is often un-
affected, or improved, for volumes up to 15,000-20,000 ADT.
· Used for
~ Converting four-lane roadways to two, plus medians and bike
lanes.
~ Improving motc~rist compliance with the law, by allowing the
prudent driver (not the imprudent driver) to set the speed.
~ Reducing top end speeders most hours of the day. May have
less effect in off-peak hours.~
· Considerations
~ Can handle volumes up to 20,000 ADT in most locations, and
25,000 ADT in some.
~ Generally benefits neighborhood with quieter, safer operations,
and may contribute to increase in property values.
~ Often increases safety by up to 30 percent.
~ Best used with medians and bike lanes which provide space for 'fh/s sect/on ofLoke Wosh/ngton ~oule~,ord/n/f/rk/and,
motorists to pull over to permit emergency responders to get by. Wosh/ngton, wos norrowed from four/~nes to three.
l'he convers/on hos creoted a smoother flow rote,
~ Can use with center turn lanes, using refuge islands in places to oddressed c~poc/t,v/ssues,/mproveds~fety, and
assist pedestrian crossing of high volume roadways made wa, v for ~ b/ke /one - wh/ch also
~ When traffic counts are above 20,000 ADT may increase prov/dcdo buffer for pedestr/~Tns.
difficulty getting into and out of driveways. Most residents
are satisfied with the tradeoff.
· Cost
~ Minimal. Often only requires re-striping the lanes. When
medians or refuge islands are used, costs of $~5-$25 per
lineal foot are common.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 3~
The Toolbox
Roadway Narrowing'
Roadway narrowing can be achieved in two different ways. The lane
width can be reduced, with excess asphalt then striped with a bicycle
lane or paved shoulders. These treatments make the driving area appear to
Before be narrow without adding curbing to physically narrow the roadway.
~--'~~ .~L~'a~,~ T hest re et can also be physically nar to we dby ex tending sidewalk s, pro v id i-
· lng landscaped areas, or adding on-street parking within the former curb
...... lines. This often reduces vehicle speeds along a roadway section and
~,~,,,,,, ~:,~_ ~"'"~'~":~:"'~"""' .~,enhances movement and safety for pedestrians.
,:~ ~.-,-, .~. ~,,'~,. ~z, ~..~.,~. .~..~. Adding bicycle lanes on higher-volume streets with speeds in excess of 20
~ ~"¥'~' ~,-:,'-'~'~,~.~' ' ~~~'?'" "'' mph enhances bicycle travel by increasing the predictability of both car and
~~~.~-~- ~, bicycle movements. Such treatments are particularly desirable for a neigh-
'LL. ...... ~~~ borhood when several streets are treated in this way to create a connected
After system of bike lanes.
from Pedestrian Fadlities Guidebook, Washington State
· · Used for
'~ Reducing speeds, increasing safety and
redistributing space to'other users and
uses.
· Considerations
>' Bicyclists must be safely accommodated.
Bike lanes are needed if motor vehicle
speeds exceed 20-25 mph. If speeds are
less than 20-25 mph, bikes and motor
vehicles can share the same space on
the roadway. The extra width, in such
settings, is often beneficial to pedestrians
or';:ledicated for other Main Street or
neighborhood needs.
>~ Use of bike lanes helps with truck turn-
ing movements (larger effective turning
radius) and creates a space to altow
motorists to pull over for emergencies
Colored asphalt has been used to identi~/ bike lanes on and emergency responders.
this street in ilo/land. The bike lanes visua//.v narrow the
street. Although the curb to curb width is more than 30
feet, the motorist only sees 11 feet of driv,;~g sp~ce, r, his
visual tunneling reduces speeds by 9-14 mph.
40 ·STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
M ini-circles are raised circular islands constructed in the center of residential street
intersections to reduce vehicle speeds. They force motorists to maneuver around .:. · .'
them and have been found to reduce motor vehicle crashes by 90-93%. Drivers mak- · ' ":.
lng left turns are directed to maneuver in a counter-clockwise direction, exiting the -* .
traffc circle by turning right onto the desired street. Signs are often installed within
the drcle to direct motorists to proceed to the right ofthe circle before passing through
or making a left turn. They are commonly constructed with landscaping (bushes, flow-
ers, or grass) at locations where the neighborhood has agreed to maintain the plants.
Stop signs are removed. Mini-circles often improve emergency response times up
to 30% when four-way stop controls are removed. Use yield control on all four
approaches.
· Used for
~ Reducing crashes at intersections of two local streets.
~ Reducing vehicle speeding at the intersection, adapted from Making Streets That Work, Seattle 1995
~ Treating a series of intersections along a local street as part of a
neighborhood traffic improvement program.
· Considerations
~.- Do not make generous allowances for motor vehicles by increasing the
turning radii - this compromises motorist, pedestrian and bicyclist safety.
Deflection curves must hold motorist speeds to 1.5-'18 mph maximum.
~ Do not use with stop signs. Yield controls are safer and more appropriate.
~ Improves bicycling and walking conditions.
~'- Can be used effectively with Bicycle Boulevards.
~ Larger vehicles (e.g.,school buses, fire apparatus) may need to make
left hand turns in front of circle.
~ Landscaping that provides contrast, and especially trees, increase the
effect of these intersection islands for distances up to 200 feet.
~ Often reduces crashes by 90-9.5 percent.
~ Keeps motorists in motion, thus creating quieter, cleaner-air conditions.
~ Do not use if corner parking cannot be effectively controlled. In such
settings fire responders may be denied access to a street.
· Cost In this traffic mini-circle in Vancouver, BC, buses and other
:~ $8,000-$15,000. Asphalt mini-circles are installed for as little as large vehicles travel through on a straight or right-
$6,000. Most residents prefer the quality and durability of concrete, turning approach with no difficulty
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 41
The Toolbox
Roundabout
and Mini-Roundabout
i '. the traffic that flows around it and the streets that shoot off it. Roundabouts are
i' located at the intersection of a collector or arterial street with one or more crossing
_ roadways.
. As with mini-circles on collector or residential streets, traffic circulates within round-
abouts in a counter-clockwise direction and exits the roundabout by turning right
onto the desired street. Therefore, no left-turning movements are needed. Unlike a
signalized intersection, drivers select gaps in the traffic to enter the roundabout from
each approaching street without having to stop.
I ~' Roundabouts are usually less expensive to install and maintain than traffic signals.
i They reduce crashes 50-90% at intersections previously controlled with traffic signals
adapted from Making StreetsThatWork, Seattle 1995 or stop signs. They can also handle 30% more traffic than intersections with signals
and eliminate the need to widen roads to increase intersection capacity.
Roundabouts need to be constructed to accommodate pedestrians and bicyclists with
crossing points and medians. Crosswalks should be placed about one car length
beyond the yield line so that drivers exiting the roundabout have a full view of pedes-
trians. The design should not permit a motorist to travel faster than 15-20 mph.
· Used for
~ Managing vehicle movements where the existing intersection is
unusually large, complex and or has more than four approach legs.
~ Improving an existing signalized or four-cross intersection which is
experiencing heavy traffic backup and congestion. ,
~ Improving safety of motorists, pedestrians and bicyclists.
~ Creating a gateway into a downtown, neighborhood, waterfront or other area.
~ Increasing pedestrian access across complex roadways.
· Considerations
~ Street widths and/or available right-of-way need to be sufficient for a properly
designed roundabout. (]enerally, all size vehicles and turning movements are
supported with .1.10'from two diagonal corners. Smaller spaces can accommo-
date a roundabout, especially if the design vehicle or certain turns are restricted.
~'- Vehicle deflection must be set to reduce speed to 15-'18 mph.
~ Larger deflections create safety problems for all users.
~ Use splitter islands entering and exiting roundabout to control deflection and
This Fort Pierce, Florida, roundabout was constructed turning movements.
to reduce speeding, improve safety, and enhance the
aesthetics of the community. · Cost
~ A landscaped roundabout ranges from $45,000 to more than .$'150,000.
Can often be built for tess than the cost of installing conventional signal system.
42 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
!'
The Toolbox
Woonerf
Woonerf (Dutch word which means"street for living") is common space shared
by pedestrians, bicyclists, and Iow-speed motor vehicles. They are usually streets
raised to the same grade as curbs and sidewalks. Vehicles are slowed by placing trees,
planters, parking areas, and other obstacles in the street. Motorists are treated as the
intruders and must travel at walking speed. This makes a street available for public use
that is essentially only intended for local residents. A woonerf identification sign is
placed at each street entrance.
· Used for
:~- Residential or other local streets where
volumes are Iow (under 1,000 ADT),
limited use, and primarily local access
streets.
~ Streets where there is a neighborhood
desire to create a public space for social
activities and play by local residents.
· Considerations
~ A woonerfis generally not appropriate
where there is a need to provide for
non-resident motorists to access services
or through streets.
~ The design needs to keep vehicle speeds
very Iow to make the streets safe for
children,seniors and others.
· Cost
~ The cost to retrofit and create a woonerf
may be quite high, but there would This Asheville, North Carolina, woonerfhas
be no extra cost if part of original been a popular and successfu/street since its
construction, construction over 20years ago.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 43
The Toolbox
Additional Tools for Great Streets
W hat about bike lanes? What about Using crosswalks is a shared responsibility
crosswalks? Beyond the traffic calming between drivers and pedestrians. Drivers
tools reviewed in the Toolbox, another set of must yield to pedestrians and pedestrians
great street tools can be used to improve must not assume that all motorists see them
streets. The next few pages describe other in a crosswalL Care on behalf of both parties
techniques that can be used to make yourcan prevent pedestrian injuries.
community more walkable and more livable.
While marked crosswalks are generally desir-
These tools can be used with the traffic calm-
able at signalized locations, they may also be
lng toolbox - or on their own.
appropriate for selected, Iow speed, two- or
ADA-Compliant Design three-lane, narrow streets, particularly in con-
People with disabilities who experience higher junction with speed tables, medians, refuge
ADA-compliant design than normal levels of risk include the visually islands, bulbouts, and other traffic calming
impaired, wheelchair users, developmentally measures. Various striping patterns and tex-
restricted persons, and people who walk with tures can be used. It may be useful to supple-
specialaids. Under the federal Americans with Tent crosswalk markings with pedestrian
Disabilities Act, improvements were mandated warning signs.
to ensure access a~d mobility for people with Curb Radius Reduction
physical limitations. Most of these improve-
One common type of crash involving pedestri-
Tents - including adequate time to cross
streets, well-designed curb ramps, limited ans occurs when a pedestrian is struck by a
number of driveways, and wide sidewalks that vehicle turning right at an intersection. A curb
are dear of obstructions - benefit all walkers, radius of 25 feet or more typically results in
high-speed turns by motorists.
Bicycle Lanes Shortening the radius - making the turn
Bicycle lanes.indicate a preferential or exclusive "tighter" for the driver - by extending the
Bicycle lanes space for bicycle travel on a street, and are typ- curb reduces the vehicle's speed, shortens the-
ically striped- although colored pavement is crossing distance for pedestrians, and
sometimes used. They create more consistent improves visibility between pedestrians and
separation between bicyclists motorists. Tighter turning radii are especially
and passing motorists, and can important in areas with heavy foot traffic.
also provide a buffer zone
between motor vehicles and Curb Ramps
pedestrians on a sidewalk Curb ramps provide access between the side-
Marked/Striped walk and roadway for people using wheel-
chairs, strollers, walkers, and hand carts as well
Crosswalks
as for pedestrians who have trouble stepping
To make pedestrians' actions
up -and down high curbs. Appropriate for use
more predictable for motorists, on all types of streets, curb ramps may be
marked crosswalks indicate installed at intersections and mid-block Ioca-
the proper locations to cross, tions with pedestrian crossings.
Striped crosswalks In many cities, crosswalks are commonly
installed at all legs of all signalized intersec- ..
tions and also at other selected locations.
44 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
Driveway Improvements Neighborhood Speed Watch/ .'"',,., before
Driveways may cause safety problems for Speed Monitoring Trailer
pedestrians if the sloped pavement ramp On some streets where traffic calming treat-
extends through the sidewalk area. This will ments have not yet been installed, temporary · after /
require the pedestrian to navigate the sloped compliance with speed limit signs may be
pavement at each driveway crossing, achieved by using a sign board which displays
the speed of passing vehicles. Used in con-
Other driveway features to be avoided are junction with intermittent police enforce-
wide-turningways, or poorlyradii'defined multiple driveways.adjacent Driveways drive- ment, this is an effective short-term strategy.
that are wider than needed to enter and exit Pedestrian Signals
expose pedestrians to unnecessary risk by
keeping them in the path of vehicles. The use of walk/don't walk signals at signal
locations is often valuable. Pedestrian signals
Driveway improvements can include narrow- are necessary when: (1) vehicle signals are Curb radius reduction
lng or closing driveways, tightening turning not visible to pedestrians; (2) signal timing is from Making StreetsThatWork, Seattle 1995
radii, converting driveways to right-in/out complex - such as a left turn signal for
only, and adding median dividers on widemotorists; (3) there is an established school
driveways, zone Crossing; and (4) an exclusive pedestrian
interval is provided. Pedestrian signal heads
may either be symbols ora walking person, an
upheld hand, or they may be the words"walk"
and "don't walk."
Curb ramp
Pedestrian Signal Timing: from Making StreetsThatWork, Seattle 1995
Upgrade/Modify ~,~.~
Pedestrian push buttons (with timing 'based
on a walking speed of 3-3 1/2 feet per second) ~..
may be installed at locations where pedestri-
an s are expected at intermittent intervals. ~,~
Pedestrian-scale lighting Push buttons should not be used in down-
towns or where pedestrians are routinely
Lighting Improvements: present. Quick response to'the button should Driveway improvements
Pedestrian-Scale Lighting be programmed into the system. ~rom Making StreetsThatWork, Seattle 1995
Pedestrians - especially if they are wearing Since push-button devices are activated by
light colors - often assume that motorists can only one-half of pedestrians, new "intelligent"
see them at night. They are deceived by their microwave or infrared pedestrian detectors -
own ability to see the'oncoming headlights, which automatically activate the red light and
Without sufficient overhead lighting, however, walk signal when pedestrians approach - are
motorists may not be able to see pedestrians now being installed in some cities.
in time to stop.
Other detectors can extend the crossing time
In commercial areas with night-time pedestrian for slower moving pedestrians in the cross-
activity, special lighting placed over the side- walk. In addition to "standard" pedestrian
walks can enhance both the ambiance of the signal timing (where motorists may turn left
area and the visibility of pedestrians to or right across a pedestrian's path), exclusive Neighborhood
motorists, pedestrian intervals stop traffic in all direc- speed watch
from Making Streets That Work, Seattle 1995
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 45
The Toolbox
I tions. This timing has been shown to reduce Add or Modify $ignage
pedestrian crashes by 50%. Use of larger At some crossing locations and complex inter-
pedestrian signal heads and/or audible
pedestrian messages (such as chirps for the sections, signs can effectively alert drivers or
blind) can be used to enhance crossings for. pedestrians to use extra caution, and thus
improve pedestrian safety. Signs can, however,
some pedestrians, be used too frequently, which fosters non-
Right-Turn Slip Lanes compliance and disrespect for signs in general.
I~ At many arterial street intersections, pedestri- Speed limit signs, pedestrian warning signs,
/ ,.. ans have difficulty crossing due to right-turn and no-turn-on-red sign, for example, can
movements and wide crossing distances, affect pedestrians. A new, strong yellow-
Well-designed right turn slip lanes place green coior is now approved by 'fhe M~nud on
right-turning vehicles at a 60° angle from Un/form 'fraff/c Contro/Dev/ces, an industry
through traffic. This angle limits vehicle turn- standard for use on 'signs which warn~
Pedestrian signal timing lng speeds and increases the visibility of motorists that pedestrians and bicyclists may
pedestrians. Right-turn slip lanes should be be in the vicinity. Because of its unique bright
from Making Streets That Work, Seattle 1995
accompanied by pedestrian refuge islands color, drivers pay more attention to the sign.
within the intersection. Pedestrians can cross
~ the right-turn lane and wait on the island for Street Furniture /
; their walk signal. Walking Environment
!i~:~i Tripping and falling are primary causes of
i!:?~:: School Zone Improvements pedestrian injuries, particularly for older walk:
i~;~": ',. ~i~' :~i)~:i:;-~ :~:! ~ A variety of roadway improvements may be ers. Carefully planned and designed sidewalks
~ ~ / ; !~ usedtoenhancesafetyormobilityforchildren and pedestrian areasare important, asis pro-
!~ in school zones. The use of well-trained adult v/ding safety and mobility.for users.
~ ~ crossing guards has been found to be one of
~ ~ the most effective measures for assisting ch/l- Sidewalks should be continuous and be part
dren to cross streets safely, while sidewalks or of a system which provides access to goods,
separated walkways and paths are essential services, and homes. Sidewalks and walkways
'Signage at pedestrian for a safe trip from home to school - on foot should be kept clear of poles, sign posts, news-
crossings or by bike. . paper racks, and other obstacles which could
. block or trip people.
Police enforcement in school zones may be
Benches, water fou nra/ns, and other street fur-
needed in situations where drivers are speed-.
lng or not yielding to children in crosswalks or niture should be carefully placed to allow for
unobstructed paths for pedestrians. Paths
when making turns, must be properly maintained and kept clear of
Other helpful measures include parking prohi- debris and puddles which can cause problems
bit/ohs at intersections near schools, increased for pedestrians. Places to sit, chat, and people-
child supervision, and the use of signs, such a watch enhance pedestrian livability.
SLOW SPEED LIMIT 25 MPH WHEN FLASHING.
Pedestrian safety, education programs are also Sidewalks, Wallo/vays and Buffer Zones
an essential part of child pedestrian safety, Sidewalks and walkways separate pedestrians
Street furniture in which cancarryoverfora lifetime.s from the roadway and provide off-street
a shopping district places for children to play. Sidewalks have
46 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
The Toolbox
Recommended by the American Association Recommended Design
of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Australia
High speed, Iow visibility 14 to 18 mph,
head turner good visibility Traffic signal
from Making Streets That Work, Seattle 1995
Right-turn slip lane
from Walkable Communities, Inc.
been associated with significant reductions in allow adequate crossing time for pedestrians
pedestrian-vehicle collisions. Such facilities (a walking speed of 3-3 1/2 feet per second).
also improve pedestrian mobility and should Signals are especially important for pedestri-
be provided for walking from residential areas ans crossing at mid-block crossing points on
to parks, schools, stores, and transit stops, high-speed roads, high-speed or congested
intersections, and in areas where seniors and Signs commonly seen
While sidewalks are typically made of concrete
young children want to cross streets. National in school zones
with curb and gutter, less expensive walkways standards based on the numbers of pedestri-from Making StreetsThatWork, Seattle ~995
for Iow-density residential areas may be con-
ans and vehicles should be used in selecting
structed of asphalt, crushed stone, or other
these sites.
materials if they are properly maintained.
A minimum width that allows two people tO Traffic Signal Enhancements
pass safely is 5 feet of sidewalk or walkway, A variety of traffic signal enhancements can
free of obstructions. An additional bufferzone benefit pedestrians, bicyclists and motorists.
(grass, trees, or other vegetation) of 4to6feet They include: providing.left-turn phasing
is desirable as a separation from the street, separate from pedestrian walk intervals;
Careful planning of sidewalks and walkways is timing signals .in sequence to encourage
important for a neighborhood or area to pro- desired vehicle speeds; installing larger, more
vide adequate safety and mobility, visible traffic signals (including back plates for
bright background faces); and giving transit
Traffic Signals vehicles priority over other vehicles.
Traffic signals can create gaps in traffic flow to ~ from Makin§ Streets That Work. Seattle 1995
allow pedestrians to cross the street while Wide sidewalk with
motorists are stopped. Such signals should planting and pedes-
trian-scale lighting
STREETS. AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 47
The Toolbox
Basic Traffic Management Features
Queuing space for student dropoff
Passenger dropoffzone (left-turn out only)
Staff and volunteer parking (no dropoffs)
Sidewalks
Painted stop bar
Roundabout or mini-circle
[nhanced crosswalks
~tions
Median diverter
Median refuge islands at intersection
Intersection with median and flat top table
Cones on center line to slow traffic · , ..
lrees and other landscaping along streets
Bike lanes ..
Flashing beacon lights
Traffic Calming Tools for Schools
School children need every break they can get. Traffic management elements should be incorporated
in the design in and around schools to provide a comfortable-and friendly environment for walking
and to tightly control the behavior of parents in cars. If the school is not on a principal roadway
carrying more than 4,000 vehicles per day, appropriate traffic calming features should be used to
hold down speeds to 20-25 mph - even when children are not in school (i.e.,24 hours a day).
· Traffic Management Principles for School Areas
~ Separate modes (i.e.,cars, buses, pedestrians).
~ Keep all turning movements Iow-speed.
A refuge is/and with speed table can be ~ Provide 24-hour 20 mph speed through design.
an excellent traffic calming and safety ~ Provide well-identified pedestrian crossings.
element near schools. ~.- Give priority to pedestrians and bicyclists.
~ Locate drop-offzone before pickup zone.
~ Do not permit queuing in undesirable locations.
~ Do not permit motorists to cross main pedestrian routes.
~ Use school crossing guards at elementary schools.
:~ Do not allow right turns on red, if intersection is signalized.
~- Avoid multiple-lane highways.
48 STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Resources
Chapter 4. Resources
he following resources will help
you to embark on your traffic
calming program.
The forms in this chapter were designed
to 'help evaluate the conditions of
streets in your neighborhood. Please
use them to record data (see Chapter 2
for more details) and photocopy as
many forms as you need.
A list of books and publications on
traffic calming, street design and urban
design can also be found at the LGC
Center for Livable Communities web
page (www. lgc.org/clc).
.~TREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 49
Resources I Neighborhood Traffic Audit
Name of Observer
Neighborhood
Date/Time of Audit
Where Do You Live?
( indicate street and cross street)
Age: 1-10 11-15 16-20 21-40 41-65 65+
Are you a' Pedestrian Bicyclist Motorist Resident Business Owner/Employee
(Circle all that apply)
For the list below, circle the number that best
describes the conditions in your neighborhood:
Not a Problem ~-~-~-~ Serious Problem
Motorist courtesy toward pedestrians ' 1 2 3 4 5
Traffic safety for children and elderly 1 2 3 4 5
Number of cars 1 2 3 4 5
Speeding 1 2 3 4 5
, Motorists obey stop signs 1 2 3 4 5
On-street parking available. 1 2 3 4 5
Pedestrians can cross streets easily 1 2 3 4 5
Traffic noise 1 2 3 4 5
Visibility of pedestrians t 2 3 4 5
Quality of pedestrian experience1 2 3 4 5
Other (list):
1. 1 2 3 4 5
2. 1 2 3 4 5
Pleas~e use the space here or on a separate sheet
to desCribe specific problems in your neighbor-
hood and the locations where they occur:
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Street Inventory Form Resources
Name of Observer
Neighborhood
Date / Time of Audit
Street / Cross Sreet
Please circle or write in your responses:
Roadway Type Commercial Residential
Number of Lanes One Two Three Four Five+
Block Length (feet) 200-300 301-400 401-500 501-800 Over 800
On-Street Parking None Light Moderate Heavy Saturated
Walkway / SidewalkNone One SideBoth Intermittent
Walkway Width (feet)
Type of Walkway Grass Asphalt Concrete
TrafficVolume 0-30 30-60 61-120 120-240 240-480 480+
(vehicles per hour)
Average Speed 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45¥0 50+
(miles per hour)
Please draw a typical street section below. Indicate
dimensions in feet for each element that you draw.
.~,
SAMPLE SECTION
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS 51
Resources I Speed Evaluation From
Follow the directions below to measure the
speed of vehicles without using a radar gun.'
Items Needed: ,
[] Stop w~tch
[] Measuring tape
[] Street chalk or wide tape
[] Note pad and pencil
Procedure
t.Determine where you want to measure vehicle speed. This Ioc~tion should be away
from STOP signs or curves that would tend to slow vehicles.
2. Measure and mark a distance of 300 feet (100 yards) on the edge of the road.
As always, be safe when in the road. Marks must be temporary (tape or chalk works well).
Time it takes to
travel 300 feet 3. Find a comfortable spot offthe road near the middle of the marked area where you can
see both end marks.
Time Speed
Seconds (mph) '4. Use the stop watch to measure how long it takes a vehicle to travel the 300-foot distance.
3.5 58.4 5. Refer to the table on the right to convert the travel time to vehicle speed.
4.0 51.1
6. Record the results and repeat steps 4 and 5 until a reasonable sample is obtained
4.5 45.4 (usually at least 25 vehicles in each direction). The larger the numbers of vehicles sampled,
5.0 40.9 the greater the accuracy of your results.
5.5 37.2 7. If it appears (based on your study), that a large percentage of the vehicles are traveling
6.0 34.1 well over the posted speed limit, contact your transportation department.
6.5 31.5
7.0 29.2
7.5 27.3
8.0 25.6
8.5 24.1
Adapted from the City of Salem Ore,Ion's Traffic Information Booklet,
9.0 22.7 Public Works Department, Transportation Services D/vision, September 1996.
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Toolbox Chart
How The Tools Measure Up
l'he chart on the back cover summarizes the traffic calming tools described in this
guide. The table indicates the tool and how it affects traffic volume, speed, noise,
vehicle conflicts (accidents between two vehicles),the amount of traffic diverted to res-
idential streets, pedestrian safety, bicycle safety, and emergency/service vehicle access.
The · symbol indicates that use of the tool will generally increase the condition.
-[he · symbol indicates that use of the tool will generally decrease the condition.
The dash (-) indicates that use of the tool will generally not affect the condition.
These indicators are included to give you a general idea of how the tools work.
Depending on a street's location and traffic conditions, the tool may work differently.
Relative costs (Iow or high) are listed in the Estimated Costs column. Low-cost proj-
ects can usually be accomplished for $10,000 or less, while high-cost projects require
over $10,000.
Estimates of the time it takes to complete each project (short-term or long-term) are
included in the Timeline column. Short-term projects can typically be completed in
one year or less, and long-term projects will typically take longer than that.
In addition to performance, the table also includes information on whether the tool
can be used on an "arterial" or"residential" street or"both."
STREETS AND SIDEWALKS, PEOPLE AND CARS
Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Traffic Pedestrian Bicycle Emergency Estimated Appropriate
Tool Page Volume Speed Noise Conflicts Diverted Safety Safety Vehicle Access Costs Timeline for Use on
Bulbout (Curb Extension) 24 - · - - high long both
Chicanes 25 · · · · · · high short residential
Choker (Neckdown) 26' · · · - · - Iow short residential
Diverter 27 ·' · · · · _._ · Iow long residential
Driveway Link 28 · · · - - · high long residential
Full Street Closure 29 · · · · maintain access for these useshigh long residential
Gateway 30 · · · · - · Iow short both
Intermediate Median Barrier31 · - · Iow short arterial
Landscaping Treatments 32 - · · · - - - Iow short residential
Median 33 · · · - · high long a~terial
Modified T-Intersection 34 - · - · · - - - Iow short arterial
Partial Street Closure 35 · - · · Iow long residential
Pedestrian Refuge Islands 36 - · · · - high long arterial
Speed Humps and Tables 37 · · - - - · Iow long residential
Raised Intersection 38 - · · - · high long both
Reducing Number of Lanes 39 - · · · - - Iow short both
F~oadway Narrowing 40 - · · - - Iow short both
Mini Circles 4t - · · · - .. Iow short Fesidentiat
Roundabout / Mini-Roundabout 42 · · · - - high long arterial
Woonerf 43 · · · · ......... high long both
~ use of tool will generally increase the condition. · use of tool will generally decrease the condition. (-) use of tool will generally not affect the condition. Complete table notes on inside of the back cover.
JAN 2 fi ?001 ~
B A K E R S F I E L D fCFD'MA~AG[~-~'$~?~._
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
TO: ALAN TANDY, CITY MANAGER
FROM: JACQUES R. LaROCHELLE, ,~.~
INTERIM PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTOR~ '-
DATE: JANUARY 19, 2001
SUBJECT: HAZARDOUS CONDITION - HIGHWAY 178
Council Referral No. WF0018730 / 001 (Ward 3)
Councilmember Maggard requested staff notify Caltrans of a hazardous condition on
Highway 178 at Miramonte, with large boulders protruding into the roadway. Advise them the
City is putting them on notice of this problem.
Public Works staff has been attempting to speak directly with Caltrans maintenance
staff on several occasions this past week to address Councilmember Maggard's
concerns regarding the hazardous conditions on State Route 178 related to loose rocks
and boulders along adjacent slopes coming loose and falling onto the roadway;
however, staff has only been able to trade voice mail messages so far. Through these
messages though, staff has learned that Caltrans is aware of the situation, and is
investigating implementing a slope stabilization project to enhance the slopes in this
area. City staff is still pursuing direct contact with Caltrans staff to address the current
situation, and find out about any schedules they may have for rectifying this problem.
G:~GROUPDAT'~Referrals\Maggard~2001 ~lwy178HazardousCondition_WF0018730.wpd
BAKERSFIELD
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
TO: ALAN TANDY, CITY MANAGER
(~~CQUES R. LaROCHELLE,
FROM: flI~ INTERIM PUBLIC WORKS DIRECTOR
DATE: ~ JANUARY 23, 2001
SUBJECT: SIGNAL @ FAIRVlEW & MONITOR
Council Referral No. WF0018731 /001 (Ward 7)
ICouncilmember Salvaggio requested a status update on the signal installation at Fairview
Road and Monitor Street.
Staff is still awaiting final Federal approval of the Federal Transportation Improvement
Program (FTIP) Amendment No. 1 which was approved by the Kern Council of
Governments (KernCOG) Board in mid-November of last year. According to KernCOG
staff, the "last signature" of a Federal official needed to approve this amendment should
be obtained either late this week or early next week, With official notification occurring
shortly (2-3 days) thereafter. All Federal paperwork for the project has been completed
and submitted to Caltrans, who is holding it pending approval of the FTIP Amendment
by the Federal Government. Once the amendment is approved, staff will immediately
order the poles for the signal, the longest lead time item for the project (6-7 months).
c: Theodore D. Wright, Civil Engineer IV
G:\GROU PDA'lAReferrals\Salvagg\U PDsignal_FairviewMonitor_WF0018731 .wpd .wpd
~ City of Bakersfield *REPRINT*
~- WORK REQUEST PAGE 1
REQUEST DATE: ~ 17/01
CREW: TIME PRINTED: 1 26:14
SCHEDULE DATES
LOCATION: ~T~': ±~17~01
LOCATION ID: ZIP CODE: COMPLETION: 1/25/01
GEN. LOC: WARD7 FACILITY NODES
FROM:
FACILITY ID: TO:
REF NBR:
REQ DEPT: CITY COUNCIL REFERRAL PRIORITY: HIGH
REQUESTOR: SALVAGGIO ORIGIN: CITY COUNCIL REFERRAL
USER ID: PMCCARTHY WORK TYPE: REFERRAL
DESCRIPTION: SIGNAL @ FAIRVIEW & MONITOR
REQUEST COMMENTS
***REFERRAL TO PUBLIC WORKS***
COUNCILMEMBER SALVAGGIO REQUESTED A STATUS UPDATE
ON THE SIGNAL INSTALLATION AT FAIRVIEW & MONITOR.
Job Order Description: SIGNAL @ FAIRVIEW & MONITOR Cat~gory: PUBLIC WORKS
Task: RESPONSE TO REFERRAL
Assigned Department: PUBLIC WORKS
START DATE __/ /__ COMPLETION DATE /__/
BAKERSFIELD
DEVELOPMENT SERVICES DEPARTMENT - PLANNING
JAN
TO: ALAN TANDY, CITY MANAGER CITY M,,~Ni-G,-?: ~: ."'.'~ :,~,~:
FROM.~TANLEY C. GF~A, DY, PLANNING DIRECTOR
DATE: January 22, 2001
SUBJECT: HALFWAY HOUSE - PACHECO ROAD
Council Referral No. WF0018732 / 001 (Ward 7)
Councilmember Salvaggio requested staff review the request to establish a halfway
house at 1605 Pacheco Road. Staff to determine if a CUP is required and report
back to Council. Refer to a memo dated 12/5/00 from Mark Turk to Randy Fidler on
this matter.
Staff has reviewed the information obtained from Code Enforcement concerning a
halfway house being operated at 1605 Pacheco Road. Based on this information, the
use is a residential facility with 16 beds which would require approval of a conditional
use permit. A public hearing by the Board of Zoning Adjustment would be required with
notice being sent to property owners within 300 feet of the site. Code Enforcement
personnel gave a 14-day notice to the operator on January 19, 2001 to either apply for
this permit or cease the activity.
JE:pah
cc: Randy Fidler, Chief Code Enforcement Officer
Mark Turk, Code Enforcement Officer
Trudy Slater, Administrative Analyst
P:\Corres\pacheco road.ref.wpd
Second Ge,,nesis ,Trans, itional H0usin
"~lnd ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free"
Program Description
Second Genesis is a 16-bed, 12-month residential recovery program for men who have a need and a
desire for help in overcoming their addiction to alcohol and drugs.
The first component of our program and our introductory step is orientation. Within the first thirty
days, all residents are introduced to faith-based teaching; the residents are then encouraged to apply
themselves to sobriety. Additionally, each resident is, also encouraged to participate in morning
devotion and enlightenment.
The second componem of the program is individual and group counseling. On a daily basis group
sessions are held to focus on problem areas and workable solutions. The counselors/facilitators are
dedicated, recovering addicts, who are experienced in working with individuals labeled "hard core"
addicts.
The third element of the program is education and group activities. From the beginning of the resident's
program~ he attends a weekly class in adult children of alcoholics or dysfunctional families, and a
twelve-step big book study, along with weekly AA/NA meetings. Here, the resident is also introduced
to relapse prevention.
The fourth component is vocational education and exit preparation. Here, the resident is required to
submit an exit plan accompanied by his "short and long-range" goals geared toward getting back into the
mainstream of society. Also, the resident is introduced to the services and programs of our Career
Training Center, Employment Development Department, Mental Health, and the East Bakersfield
Community Health' Center etc.
Second Genesis Service Fees Axe: $450.00
We realize that not all individuals will be qualified to remit their fees initially upon emrance into the
program. Arrangements will be made whereby the resident will be able to carry a balance until a
funding source is located. Second Genesis will then be reimbursed for all fees and services.
This is a fairly complete overview of the Second Genesis substance abuse recovery home. If you have
any questions, pleased do not hesitate to contact Chris and Marie Sturdivant at 633-5130 or 6335140.
1605 Pacheeo #2 and #3 Bakersfield, California 93307 * (661) 633- 5130
Restoratioa Commuaity Project, Inc. Phone: (661} 323-3469
P.O. Box 70006 Fax: (661) 326-8146
Bakersfield, CA 93387 E-Mail: rcpine~aol, eom