HomeMy WebLinkAbout2004 O
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT
MEETING DATE: December 15, 2004 I AGENDA SECTION: COnsent
I
ITEM: I~.~.
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council ~..APP.,ROVED
Ix"/
FROM: Development Services - Planning DEPARTMENT HE~)/ ~
DATE: November 24, 2004 CITY ATTORNEy )~C./~/,w~
CITY MANAGER ~
SUBJECT: Resolution Supporting Mitigation of Ozone Precursor and Particulate Matter Emissions from
Railroad Related Operations. (All Wards).
RECOMMENDATION:
Staff recommends adoption of resolution.
BACKGROUND:
At the September 27, 2004 Joint City Council-Board of Supervisors meeting, City and County staff
received a joint referral to prepare resolutions for consideration by each body. The purpose of the
resolutions was to express the desire of the Bakersfield City Council and the Kern County Board of
Supervisors for the Valley Air District, the California Air Resources Board and mainline railroads
operating within the San Joaquin Valley air basin'to continue efforts that would lead to their
agreement upon and implementation measures reducing emissions that lead to the formation of
ozone and particulate matter. Discussion at the joint meeting also supported using the Bakersfield
Metropolitan Area PM~o Working Group as means whereby local agencies could be kept apprised
of the progress made by the aforementioned groups.
The Kern County Board of Supervisors is expected to consider substantially the same resolution
on December 14, 2004.
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Admin\12-15-rro
RESOLUTION ·SUPPORTING MITIGATION OF OZONE
PRECURSOR AND PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSION
FROM RAILROAD RELATED OPERATIONS.
WH E RE·AS:
a. The San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District has identified
dust generation, to be a significant contributor to the poor air quality in the San Joaquin
Valley; and
b. Railroad operations result in substantia dust generation along railroad
rights-of-way; and
c. Technological advances in rail locomotive engine design has reduced the
level of air pollutants emitted in comparison to standard rail diesel engines; and
d. Railroad companies have implemented plans to convert to the advanced
rail locomotive engine design in locomotives operating in the South Coast Air Basin; and
e. 'Converting similarly converting locomotives operating in the San Joaquin
Valley would reduce air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley, while not affecting railroad
companies' efficient operations; and
f. Extended locomotive engine idling contributes to air pollution levels; and
g. A 30 minute maximum idling period is reasonable, does not materially
impact railroad companies' operational economics, and will limit the Contribution of air
contaminates; and
h. Efforts are underway to promote a Memorandum of Understanding
between the federal government and railroad companies to implement air pollution
control measures in railroad operations; and · .
i. This Board desires to express its continuing interest for the involved
parties to achieve agreement and implement air pollution control measures that would
reduce the air emissions described above.
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED as follows:
1. The City of Bakersfield continues its support and endorsement of efforts
to develop a Memorandum of Understanding between the federal government and
railroad companies to implement operational air pollution control measures to control
dust generation, limit air pollution emission due to idling locomotives, and to implement a
plan to convert locomotives operating in the San Joaquin Valley from diesel engines to
advanced technology engines that emit fewer air contaminants.
2. The City Council designates the Bakersfield Metropolitan Area PMio
Working Group to act as the local government liaison to the San Joaquin Valley Air
Pollution Control District regarding this matter.
. 3. The City Clerk sliall send copies of this Resolution to the following:
Kern County Board of SuPervisors
San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District
Kern County Resource Management Agency
' ..... 000 .........
2
I HEREBY CERTIFY that the foregoing Resolution was pasSed and
adopted, bY the Council of the City of Bakersfield at a regular meeting thereof held on
bythe following vote: .
AYES: COUNCILMEMBER COUCH, CARSON, BENHAM, MAGGARD, HANSON, SULLIVAN SCRIVNER
NOES: COUNCILMEMBER
ABSTAIN: COUNClLMEMBER
ABSENT: COUNCILMEMBER
PAMELA A. McCARTHY, CMC
CITY CLERK and Ex Officio Clerk of the
Council of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED
HARVEY L. HALL
Mayor of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED as to form
VIRGINIA GENNARO
CitY Attorney
S:\Debbie\Pam\resoltuiomrr.doc
3
PUBLIC STATEMENTS SPEAKER'S CARD
Planninq and Development
Committee of the City Council
Committee Meeting Date
You are invited to address the Committee under Public Statements on any subject
that is listed on the Committee Agenda.
Public statements are limited to three (3) minutes per speaker. The Committee may,
by simple majority vote, waive the time limit. No action will be taken; this Committee
gathers information and reports back to the City Council.
Please fill out a Speaker's Card and present it to the Committee Chair:
Vice-Mayor David Couch
Name:
Company/
Organization:
Address: ~')(~
4reci ~Co (~ ,
PUBLIC STATEMENTS SPEAKER'S CARD
Planninq and Development
Committee of the City Council
Committee Meeting Date ~'/~,~"/~ ~r
You are invited to address the Committee under Public Statements on any subject
that is listed on the Committee Agenda.
Public statements are limited to three (3) minutes per speaker. The Committee may,
by simple majority vote, waive the time limit. No action will be taken; this Committee
gathers information and reports back to the City Council.
Please fill out a Speaker's Card and present it to the Committee Chair:
Vice-Mayor David Couch
Name: S-"~'~'"~
Company/
Organization: ~.~..~"7'~.. ~¢:' ~ ~::~) ~'
Address:
Phone: Fax/e-mail:
Subject:
PUBLIC STATEMENTS SPEAKER'S CARD
Planninq and Development
Committee of the City Council
Committee Meeting Date
You are invited to address the Committee under Public Statements on any subject
that is listed on the Committee Agenda.
Public statements are limited to three (3) minutes per speaker. The Committee may,
by simple majority vote, waive the time limit. No action will be taken; this Committee
gathers information and reports back to the City Council.
Please fill out a Speaker's Card and present it to the Committee Chair:
Vice-Mayor David Couch
Name: ~ /~' ~/ ,//~
Company/ (~.. ¢'V~"' ~
Organization:
Address:
Phone: ~"7 '~-.-~ "'L("~' -~ '-~ Fax/e-mail: ~-~h /~/'~. 0~. ~
Subiect: ~ ~
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT. coMM2[TTEE MEETING
MONDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2004 - 1:00 P.M.
I ~I NAHE SUILIECT/ORGANIZATION PHONE
PUBLIC STATEMENTS SPEAKER'S CARD
Planninq and Development
Committee of the City Council
Committee Meeting Date /~/~/~' ~"
You are invited to address the Committee under Public Statements on any subject
that is listed on the Committee Agenda.
Public statements are limited to three (3) minutes per speaker. The Committee may,
by simple majority vote, waive the time limit. No action will be taken; this Committee
gathers information and reports back to the City Council.
Please fill-out a Speaker's Card and present it to the Committee Chair:
Vice-Mayor David Couch
Company/ , ·
Organization: T~t~_
Phone:
Subject:
BAKERSFIELD
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
1501 TRUXTUN AVENUE
BAKERSFIELD, 'CALIFORNIA 93301
(661) 326-3.724
RAULM. ROIAS, DIRECTOR · CI'~ ENGINEER
August 13, 2004
Mr. Jerry Lee-Dooley
10931 Shellabarger Road
Bakersfield, CA 93312
Re:. Intersection of Shellabarger Road and Pepita .Road ·
Dear Mr. Dooley:
Thank you and your wife for meeting with us yesterday regarding improvements to your .property
frontage at the subject .intersection. We are also grateful for your willingness to work with us in
eliminating -the existing gate and allowing the street to be open to traffic which will help in the overall
safety and efficiency of the neighborhood.
As was 'discussed, in order for the City.to construct the curb, gutter and.pavement, a small portion of
your'property will be necessary to be acquired for roadway dedication. In exchange for the roadway
dedication, the City will:
1. Remove the gate and fence that currently exists at the intersection.
2. Install curb, gutter and sidewalk along your frontage.
3. Install -two drive approaches, one to serve your existing driveway and the other to serve
as a future ddveway location (please note the driveway locations can be located, with
your assistance, at the .time of construction).
4. The City will provide two 4" sewer laterals and waive the connection fee for both laterals.
5. The City will prepare all necessary legal descriptions and right of way dedication
documents.
6. The .City will provide you with $250 for the .purchase of a large tree of your choice to be
placed in your front yard.
If this meets with your approval, please sign this letter and return it to me so we may begin the work.
Again, thank you for your cooperation and I look forward to hearing from you in the very near future.
Very truly yours,
PAUL M. ROJAS
Public Works Director
~/J~e~; R. La~ocfielle Jerry Lee Dooley
///' / e~s'sistant Public Works Director
~: .Councilmember, David Couch
~ City Manager, Alan Tandy ~,"
. Property Manager, Don Anderson
RECEIVED
JUL - 7
CITY MANAGER'S
pcJa .corn To: Office of the City Clerk and/or City Manager
From: Andrea Bruns, Director of Government Relations, PCIA
Subject: Interested Parties List for Wireless Telecommunications Proceedings
C H A I R M A N Date: June 23, 2004
John Kelly
President & CEO
Crown Castle International --- - -- · -- --
This letter serves as a formal request to be included on the "interested parties' lisa-
dealing with any and all matters pertaining to new wire]ess facilities zoning
D ! R E C T 0 R S ordinances that your jurisdiction may be drafting, including hearing notices and
Steve Clark draft ordinance language that is made available to the public.
President & CEO
SpectraSite Communications, Inc.
PCIA - The Wireless Infrastructure Association is the principal trade association
Spike Fuson for the wireless network infrastructure and facilities siting industry. PCIA's
Executive Vice President member companies develop, own, manage, and operate towers, commercial
Mountain Union Telecom
rooftops, and other facilities for the provision of all types of wireless,
David J. Grain broadcasting, and telecommunications services to the American people.
President Accordingly, PCIA makes an effort to reach out to both local and federal
Global Signal Inc. governmental officials to help advance a shared understanding of the issues
surrounding wireless network infrastructure deployment and facilities siting.
Jay Kitchen
President & CEO
PClA In this regard, PCIA requests that you notify us of any revisions to .your zoning
codes that affect wireless telecommunications facilities so that we may, in tm'n,
Thomas (Tam) Murray apprise our member companies. Thank you for your consideration. Please send
Founder & Managing Member
Community Wireless Structures any relevant proceedings to the following contact:
Jeffrey Stoops Andrea B.runs
President & CEO Director, Government Relations
SBA Communications Corporation PCIA - The Wireless Infrastructure Association
500 Montgomery St. Suite 700
Jim Taiciet Alexandri!a, VA 22314
Chairman & CEO
American Tower Corporation brunsa(~_,pcla, com
(703) 535}7492
500 Montgomery Street, Suite 700, Alexandria, VA 22314-1561 USA · Phone: 703/739-0300 · Fax: 703/836-1608
Personal Communications 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 700
Industry Association Alexandria, VA USA 22314-1561
JOHN STtN$~N
A~S!$TANT CITy MANAGER
150t 'TRUXTUN AVE
=
PUBLIC-STATEMENTS SPEAKER'S CARD
Planning and Development
Committee of_the City Counoil
Committee Meeting Date
You are invited to address the Committee under Public Statements on any subject'
that 'is listed on the Committee Agenda.
Public statements are limited to three (3) minutes per speaker. The Committee may,
by simple majority vote, waive the time limit. No action will be taken; this Committee
gathers information and reports back to the City Council.
Please fill out a Speaker's Card and present it to the Committee Chair:
Vice-Mayor David Couch
Name:
Company/
Organization:
Phone: ~--~
Subject: ~"~=r"~"'E"~/~'.,,
Name: I~ ~ ~-'(/ ~ 8~AV! 3r,_,V/
Company/
Organization:' ~' ~ ~ ~0~ ~
Address: ]~ ~, C~ ~V~,
Phone: ~ ~'~G F~e-mail: ~ ~O~f{V~ ~Ce~reX~
Subject: ~
Name:
Company/
Organization:
Phone:
Subject:
JONES & BEARDSLEY, P.C.
ATTORNEYS AT LAW
10000 STOCKDALE HIGHWAY, SUITE 350
BAKERSFIELD, CALIFORNIA 93311
Telephone (661) 664-2900 Facsimile (661)
mga ~:'jonesbc ardsle y.com
May 26, 2004
City Clerk
1501 Truxtun Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Re: Public Records Act Request
Dear Clerk:
Pursuant to provisions of the California Public Records Act (California Government Code
Section 6250 et seq.), I request copies of the following public records and documents:
1. All Agendas of the City of Bakersfield Planning and Urban Development Committee from
July 1, 2003 to the present date.
2. All Minutes of the Planning and Urban Development Committee for all meetings from July 1,
2003 to the present date.
3. Any and all transcripts of meetings of the Planning and Urban Development Committee from
July 1, 2003, to the present date. In the event the tapes of these meetings have not been
I ....._ .. transcribed, kindly advise as to the cost of a copy of thc tapes for each meeting and the total
number of tapes this request will encompass.
Thank you for your attention to the foregoing and I look forward to your prompt reply.
Very truly yours,
Michael G. Allford
MGA: ad
J :\Client Files\Mike Allford\ltlx to City Clerk.20040526.01 .doc
'Tree Technical Manual
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
Bakersfield Municipal Code, Chapter 12.40.00
May, 2004 First Draft
Department of Recreation and Parks
Published by:
The City of Bakersfield
Department of Recreation and Parks
~101 Truxtun Ave Bakersfield, CA 93309
Phone (661)326-3866
Fax (661)852-2140
First Draft: May, 2004
World Wide Web Version
This document is available on the
City of Bakersfield's Website:
http ://www. ci. bakersfield, ca. us
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ii
List of Appendices v
Acknowledgements vi
References viii
INTENT AND PURPOSE x
INTRODUCTION - Use of the Manual x
Bakersfield's Public Trees xi
Definitions xi
Appendices xi
Assumptions and limiting conditions xi
SECTION 1.00 DEFINITIONS 1-1
SECTION 2.00 REMOVALS, REPLACEMENT & PLANTING OF
TREES 2-1
Introduction 2-1
2.05 Tree removal 2-1
Allowable removal 2-1
Hazard trees 2-1
Public Nuisance 2-2
Adjacent Resident Request
2-2
2.10 When tree replacement is required
2-2
2.15 Alternatives when trees cannot be replaced onsite
2.20 Tree canopy replacement standard for onsite tree replacement 2-3
Species 2-3
Location 2-3
Size and Number 2-3
Table 2-1, Canopy Replacement Standard 2-3
2.25 Tree Value and Replacement Standard - 2-4
2.30 Tree and shrub planting specifications 2-4
2.35 Planting stock and materials 2-4
Quality 2-4
Miscellaneous materials 2-5
2.40 Planting site preparation 2-6
Utilities Avoidance 2-6
Soil preparation and conditioning 2-6
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Planter pit 2-6
Trees in all other areas 2-6
Height of root ball 2-6
2.45 Planting the tree 2-7
Depth 2-7
Container and roots 2-7
Placing the tree 2-7
Filling the hole. 2-7
Staking 2-7
Berm, mulch and water 2-7
2.50 Planting in difficult soil conditions 2-7
Turf areas 2-8
Alternate specifications 2-8
SECTION 3.00 HAZARDOUS TREES 3-1
Introduction 3-1
Tree hazard responsibility 3-1
Recognizing tree hazards 3-1
3.10 Emergency removal conditions 3-2
Abatement 3-2
Authorization 3-2
3.20 Criteria used by the City to determine if a tree is hazardous 3-2
Definition of Hazardous 3-2
ISA - Hazard Evaluation form 3-2
Authorization 3-2
3.30 Hazard Reduction and Prevention 3-3
SECTION 4.00 TREE MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES 4-1
Introduction 4-1
~03 Permits for Commercial Tree Contractors 4-1
4.05 Care of public trees 4-1
4.10 Prohibited acts 4-1
Excessive pruning 4-2
Topping 4-2
Other prohibited actions 4-2
4.15 Standards for pruning public trees 4-2
Specifications 4-2
111
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Industry standards 4-2
4.20 Pruning mature trees 4-2
Types of pruning 4-3
Tree injury 4-3
4.25 Pruning distressed trees 4-3
Injury or disturbance 4-3
Neglect 4-3
4.30 Pruning young trees 4-3
4.40 Watering Schedules 4-4
4.50 Soil Improvement 4-4
4.60 Insect and Disease Control 4-4
4.70 Fruit Control 4-5
4.80 Fire Protection 4-5
4.90 Tips for selecting an Arborist 4-6
Appendices
iv
APPENDICES
A. Bakersfield Municipal Code Chapter 12.40.00
B. ISA Hazard Evaluation Form
C. List of Inherent Failure Pattems for Selected Species (Reference source)
D. Tree Pruning Guidelines, ISA Publications
E. Tree Care Safety Standards, ANSI Z133.1-2000 (Reference source)
F. Pruning Performance Standards, ANSI A300-2001 (Reference source)
G. Guide for plant Appraisal, Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers
(Reference source)
H. Proposed Official Tree List with horticultural information
I. Proposed Official Tree List with design use information
Acknowledgments
This section acknowledges those persons involved in the preparation of the
original city of Palo Alto Tree Technical Manual, from which this document is
derived.
Principal Author
Dave Dockter, Managing Arborist, Planning Division -
Department of Planning and Community Environment,
City of Palo Alto, CA
Member of the American Society of Consulting Arborists (ASCA)
and the International Society of Arboriculture,
(ISA) Certified Arborist WC-0351
Technical City 'Staff Advisors
Dave Sandage, Managing Arborist, Public Works Operations
Eugene Segna, Public Works Arborist
Steve Scott, Public Works Arborist
Other City Staff
Ed Gawf, Director of Planning and Community Environment
Lisa Grote, Chief Planning Official
Fred Herman, Chief Building Official
John Lusardi, Planning Manager
Wynne Furth, Senior Assistant City Attorney
Jim Harrington, Public Works Senior Engineer
Greg Scoby, Utilities Senior Engineer
Jim Slear, Utilities Gas Supervisor
Roland Ekstrand, Water-Gas-Wastewater, Utilities Senior Engineer
John Ballard, Sidewalks, Public Works Supervisor
John Cunningham, Sidewalks, Public Works Assistant Engineer
Kate Rooney, Park Supervisor
Special Thanks & Recognition
Barrie Coate, Barrie Coate and Associates, Horticulturist, ASCA
Ray Morneau, Arborist, ISA Certified WC-0132 -
Scott Cullen, Registered Consulting Arborist, ASCA
Nancy Lytle, Palo Alto City Council Member
Nate Cradle, Landscape Specialist, Caltrans, State of California
Cordelia Hill, APA, Royston, Hanamoto, Alley & Abbey, Landscape Architects
Planners
Marni Barnes, Landscape Architect
Bruce Hagen, Urban Forester, State of California
RDC interactive, Inc.
Canopy: Trees for Palo Alto
and
The International Society of Arboriculture--
For authorization to reprint guidelines from Tree Pruning Guidelines and the Tree
Hazard Evaluation Form, 2nd Edition from the Photographic Guide to the
Evaluation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas.
Metropolitan Bakersfield Tree Advisory Ad-Hoc Committee
Dana Adams, Executive Director, Tree Foundation of Kern
Ralph Adame, Landscape Architect
Jenny Hannah, Director, Facilities and Property Management, Kern
Superintendent of Schools
Ted James, Director of Planning, Kern County Planning and Development
Services
Julie Laird, Member of Public, at large appointment
Judy Miller, Real Estate Agent, Prudential America West
Peter Newburg, North Bakersfield Recreation and Park District
City of Bakersfield Staff
Jim Eggert, Development Services Department, Principal Planner
Virginia Genarro, City Attorney's Office, Deputy City Attorney
Paul Graham, Recreation and Parks Department, Urban Forester,
ISA Certified Arborist, WC-5772, Principal Editor
vii
References
This section references sources of information for further review or which was
consulted in the preparation of the Tree Technical Manual.
· American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Safety Requirements for Tree
Care Operations. ANSI Z133.1-1994. New York: American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), 1994.
· American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Specifications for Acceptance of
Nursery Trees at the Time of Delivery. ANSI 760.1. New York: American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), 1996.
· American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Performance Specifications of
the Pruning of Trees Shrubs & Other Woody Shrubs. ANSI A-300 -1998. New
York: American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1998.
· Council of Tree & Landscape Appraisers. Guide For Plant Appraisal, 9th Edition.
Savoy, IL: International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), 2000.
· Matheny, Nelda P., James R. Clark. Evaluation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas
I. Savoy, IL: International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), 1991.
· Matheny, Nelda P., James R. Clark. Evaluation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas
II. Savoy, IL: International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), 1994.
· Matheny, Nelda P., James R. Clark. Trees and Development: A Technical
Guide To Preservation of Trees During Land Development. International Society
of Arboriculture: Champaign, IL, 1998.
· National Arbor Day Foundation. Tree City - USA. Bulletin No. 1-50.
· National Arbor Day Foundation. How to Protect Trees During Underground
Work. Tree City USA, Bulletin No. 35.
· Shigo, Alex. Tree Hazards Brochure. 1997. -
· University of California. Recognizing Tree Hazards: A Photographic Guide for
Homeowners. Agriculture and Natural Resources Communications Services.
Publication 21584. 1999.
· University of California Cooperative Extension Service. Plant List & Procedures
for Landscaping Under Native Oaks. HortScript No. 11, March, 1995.
VIII
· American Society of Consulting Arborists, Dorothy Abeyta, Guide to Report
Wdting for Consulting Arborists. Savoy, IL: International Society of Arboriculture
(ISA), 1995.
END OF SECTION
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
TREE TECHNICAL MANUAL
Intent & Purpose
The City of Bakersfield has a large population of trees which give the City a
unique visual character. Trees provide a source of shade; improve the quality of
the air, water and soil; promote conservation of energy resources through
regulation of temperatures; provide recreational settings, wildlife habitat and
ecological balance; enhance property values, economic benefits, and promote a
high quality of life within the community.
Bakersfield is recognized by the State of California and National Arbor Day
Foundation as a Tree City-USA, and is dedicated to the planting and protection
of one of its greatest natural resources. One of the purposes of this document is
to encourage the citizens of Bakersfield to care for and maintain their private
trees in the same manner as the city cares for public trees.
Sustaining trees in Bakersfield's urban environment presents a challenge,
requiring careful planning and vigilant maintenance. The City of Bakersfield Tree
Technical Manual is issued by the City Manager, through the Department of
Recreation and Parks to estabiish specifications necessary to achieve the City's
tree preservation goals. These goals are intended to provide consistent care and
serve as benchmark indicators to measure achievement in the following areas:
· Ensure and promote preservation of the existing tree canopy cover within
the City limits
· To encourage the planting of new trees in the City of Bakersfield
· Provide minimum standards of maintenance for trees
· Provide a standardized content for hazard evaluation generated or
required by the City
· Establish criteria for determining when a tree-is unsafe and a possible
threat to the public health, safety and welfare
· Provide standards for the replacement of trees that are removed
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
TREE TECHNICAL MANUAL
Introduction - Use of the Manual
I. BAKERSFIELD'S PUBLIC TREES
Bakersfield Municipal Code 12.40 protects public trees from removal
or disfigurement. The Tree Technical Manual establishes procedures
and standards for the purpose of encouraging the preservation of the
trees of Bakersfield.
Public trees are to be chosen, installed, maintained and
removed in accordance with the standards contained in this
Tree Technical Manual.
The recommended practices identified throughout the Tree
Technical Manual are not mandatory with regard to private
trees. However, the practices do provide additional proactive
measures for the care of trees, such as pruning standards,
fertilizing, hazard abatement, protection from.specific
disturbances and procedures for planting trees on problem
sites.
I1. DEFINITIONS
Certain terms that are unique to the arboricultural industry are defined to
provide a uniform understanding of the terms and concepts used and
mentioned in this document.
Words that are defined are noted in italics throughout the document and
are found in the Definitions, Section 1.00 of the Tree Technical Manual.
Some definitions are referenced in the city tree ordinance, Chapter
12.40.020 of the Bakersfield Municipal Code found in Appendix A or on-
line at http ://bpc. iserver, net/codes/bakersfld/index, htm.
III. APPENDICES
The appendices at the end of this Tree Technical Manual provide
supplemental information referenced within the Tree Technical Manual
and sources of technical information for specific or unusual situations.
IV. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITING CONDITIONS
No responsibility is assumed by the City of Bakersfield for matters legal in
character regarding the Tree Technical Manual. Any legal description that
may be provided is assumed to be correct.
Care has been taken to obtain reasonable information from reliable
sources for this Tree Technical Manual.
Visual aids within the Tree Technical Manual, such as sketches,
diagrams, graphs, photos, are not necessarily to scale and should not be
construed as engineered data for construction.
This Tree Technical Manual has been crafted to conform to current
standards of care, best management practices, evaluation and appraisal
procedures, diagnostic and reporting techniques and sound arboricultural
practices as recommended by the sources listed in the References
section.
END OF SECTION
xii
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
TREE TECHNICAL MANUAL
Section 1.00
DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Manual and interpretation of regulations, the following
definitions shall apply:
1. Certified Arborist: is an individual who has demonstrated the minimum
qualifications of knowledge and competency through testing and obtainment of
the following credential;
· International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Certified Arborist
Or is an individual who has a minimum of three years working experience as an
ISA Certified Arborist and has completed one or more .of the following advanced
practitioner programs.
· ISA Certified Arborist Municipal Specialist
· ISA Board Certified Master Arborist
· American Society of Consulting Arborists (ASCA) Registered Consulting
Arborist
· California Urban Forests Council (CaUFC) Certified Urban Forester
A certified arborist can generally be found in the yellow pages of the local
telephone book, or by contacting one of the following organizations:
· The Western Chapter of the ISA at (916) 641-2990 or
http://www.wc-isa.net
· The International Society of Arboriculture at
http :llwww.isa-arbor.comfi ndArborist/findarborist.asp
- · American Society of Consulting Arbodsts at
· · http://www.asca-consultants.orq/index.html
2. Compaction: compression of the soil structure or texture by any means that
creates an upper layer that is impermeable (cap). Compaction is injurious to
roots and the health of a tree.
3. Dead Tree: a tree that is dead or that has been damaged beyond repair or is in
an advanced state of decline (where an insufficient amount of live tissue, green
leaves, limbs or branches, exists to sustain life) and has been determined to be
]-!
such by a certified arborist. If the tree has been determined to be dead, removal
is permitted.
4. Diameter at Breast Hei.qht (DBH): the diameter of a tree trunk at four and
one-half feet (or 54 inches) above natural grade, measured using a diameter
tape.
5. Director: the Director of Recreation and Parks or his designee. (See BMC
12.40.020A)
6. Disturbance: all of the various activities from construction or
development that may damage trees.
7. Dripline Area: the area within X distance from the trunk of a tree,
measured from the perimeter of the trunk of the tree at 54-inches above
natural grade, where X equals a distance ten times the diameter of the
trunk at 54-inches above natural grade.
8. Excessive Pruning: removing in excess, one-fourth (25 percent) or greater, of
the functioning leaf, stem or root area. Pruning in excess of 25 percent is
· injurious to the tree and is a prohibited act. (See Section 4.15, Standards for
Pruning Street Trees).
Unbalanced Crown. Excessive pruning also includes removal of the leaf or
stem area predominantly on one side, topping, or excessive tree canopy
or crown raising. Exceptions are when clearance from overhead utilities or
public improvements is required or to abate a hazardous condition or a
public nuisance.
9. Hazardous Tree: a tree that possesses a structural defect which poses an
imminent risk if the tree or part of the tree that would fall on someone or
something of value (target) (See Section 3.00, Determining ifa tree is
Hazardous).
· The Urban Forester retains discretionary right to approve or amend a
hazardous rating, in writing, and recommend-any action that may reduce
the condition to a less-than significant level of hazard.
10. Injury: a wound resulting from any activity, including but not limited to
excessive pruning of a tree. Injury shall include bruising, scarring, tearing or
breaking of roots, bark, trunk, branches or foliage, herbicide or poisoning, or any
other action foreseeably leading to the death or permanent damage to tree
health. (See BMC 12.40.070.)
11. Parkway: See BMC 12.40.020(B)
1-2
12. Public Nuisance means any tree on private property or on any public place,
apt to destroy, impair or otherwise interfere with any street improvements,
sidewalks, curbs, public trees, gutters, sewers, or other public improvements,
including abOve and below ground utilities. (See BMC 12.40.110)
13. Public Tree: any tree, shrub or plant within a public place.
14. Public Place: See BMC i 2.40.020(C).
15. Recommended Practice: an action, treatment, technique or procedure that
may be implemented for superior care or preservation of non-public (private)
trees.
16. Removal means any of the following:
· Complete tree removal such as cutting to the ground or
extraction of the tree.
· Taking any action foreseeably leading to the death of a tree or
permanent damage to its health or structural integrity, including
but not limited to excessive pruning of the tree.
17. Sidewalk: See BMC 12.40.020(D)
18. Street: See BMC 12.40.020(E)
19. Structural Defect: any structural weakness or deformity of a tree or its
parts.
20. Target: a term used to include people, vehicles, structures or something
subject to damage by a tree.
Note: A tree may not be a hazard if a target is absent within the falling
distance of a tree or its parts (e.g., a defective tree in a non-populated
area away from pathways may not be considered a hazard.
21. Toppin_q: means the practice of cutting back large diameter branches
or truncating the main stem.
22. Tree Protection Zone or (TPZ) an area of temporary fencing around a tree
that protects the roots and tree during construction projects (improvements or
activities such as paving, utility or irrigation trenching). Minimum TPZ is the
product of the dripline calculation.
23. Tree Technical Manual: this document, herein referred to as The
Manual
24. Urban Forester: the person designated as such by the Director of Recreation
and Parks.
END OF SECTION
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
TREE TECHNICAL MANUAL
Section 2.00
REMOVAL, REPLACEMENT AND PLANTING OF TREES
INTRODUCTION
A public tree may not be removed without City review and approval, except in
certain emergencies. The purpose of City review is to verify that the removal is
allowed under City law, and to prevent unnecessary tree removal. This section
describes the type and size of the replacement tree required, and the planting
techniques to be used. It also describes how to determine the replacement of a
tree that cannot be replaced in its original location.
2.05 TREE REMOVAL
A. Allowable Removal
An ISA Tree hazard Evaluation is required to remove a public
tree, except in emergency situations outlined in Hazardous Trees,
Section 3.10. Removal of public trees is allowed if:
i. A public tree is determined to be dead or hazardous
(see Hazardous trees, Section 3.20)
ii. It is a detriment tc or crowding an adjacent city tree
iii. It is a Public Nuisance (see Section 1. ~2).
In the case of public trees, Recreation and Parks Operations issues a
written report.
B. Hazard Trees
To remove a public tree that has been verified as hazardous, as
defined within Chapter 12.40.090 of the Bakersfield Municipal
Code, written approval from the Director is required and must be
available when the tree is being removed, unless emergency
conditions exist. (See Emergency Removal Conditions, Section
3.1o).
C. Public Nuisance
Damage to Public improvements as defined in Section 1.12 may require
the removal of an otherwise healthy tree. Prior to authorization of public
tree removal, paving alternatives for infrastructure replacement should be
2-!
explored. If no suitable alternative is found or the alternative would create
a hazardous situation, tree removal should be authorized.
a. Recommended Alternatives
i. Root pruning up to 35% of the root zone surface area.
ii. Meandering sidewalks. (When Authorized by Public Works)
iii. Non-standard paving materials or techniques (When
Authorized by Public Works)
D. Adjacent Owner Request
Removals requested by property owners based upon perceptions of
excessive maintenance, leaf, limb or fruit drop or other non-hazardous
situations may have their requests approved if,
i. City prop°sed pruning and maintenance alternatives have
been attempted in good faith, and
ii. The property owner agrees to pay for tree removal by either
the city staff or city approved contractor, and
iii. The property owner remits to the City of Bakersfield funds
for replacement trees based upOn table 2-1 found in this
section.
2.07 Non-Emergency Removal Procedures
Administrative Process
· No tree is to be removed without prior documentation (ISA Hazard
Evaluation) and approval.
· A minimum of two weeks is required for documentation and processing of
request and evaluation. -
· A minimum two week waiting period is required following the posting of
public removal notification.
· Each tree evaluated is to have and individual evaluation, No Group
Evaluations.
· The complete removal process is expected to take a minimum of four
weeks following on-site inspection and written evaluation.
2-2
Authorized Removal Process
· At the point of request, notification, or field observance, an International
Society of Arboriculture (ISA) Hazard Evaluation is to be initiated and
completed.
· A Certified Arborist is to evaluate the specimen and complete the Hazard
Evaluation. Evaluations by non-certified personnel are unacceptable.
· The completed evaluation, preferably with photos, is to be forwarded to
the City of Bakersfield Urban Forester for Authorization of Removal.
Upon authorization, Urban Forestry staff will deliver a two week removal
notification door hanger, including a copy of the ISA Hazard Evaluation
and a letter of explanatiQn regarding the removal in layman's terms.
Additionally, a public notice stating the reason for removal, expected date
of removal, and Urban Forestry contact information will be posted
prominently on the tree approved for removal.
· The public notice will remain on the tree for a minimum of two weeks prior
to the removal of identified tree.
Two days prior to removal, the field supervisor will contact or leave notice
with property owner to confirm adherence to above procedure and mark
the base of the tree with an adequate amount of water soluble paint,
identifying the removal candidate.
· Trees without an identifying paint mark will not be removed If
staff finds an assigned removal address where identifying paint is
not present, then staff will contact the supervisors for immediate
clarification.
'-2.10 WHEN TREE REPLACEMENT IS REQUIRED
If the City authorizes removal of a public tree it will specify the replacement
requirements in authorizing removal.
2.15 ALTERNATIVES WHEN TREES CANNOT BE REPLACED ON
SITE
In some circumstances, crowding or other physical constraints make it
impossible or undesirable to replace a tree in the same place. In that case,
2-3
replacement trees should be planted in the following order of preference, as
approved by the Director:.
1. To provide additional trees elsewhere on the site
2. To add or replace street trees or other public landscaping in the vicinity
3. To add trees or other landscaping to other City property.
2.20 TREE CANOPY REPLACEMENT STANDARD FOR ONSITE TREE
REPLACEMENT
When a public tree is to be replaced on site, the following standards apply.
A. Species
The replacement trees should be the same species unless the
Director determines that another species would be more suitable
for the location. Factors to be considered include the long term
health of the tree in the location and its compatibility with the
adjacent uses as well as design considerations.
B. Location
The location of the replacement tree on site should be approved by
the Director. If it is not possible or desirable to replace the tree on
site, Section 2.15 should apply.
C. Size and Number
Often it is not possible to replace a large, older tree with a single
equivalent tree. In such cases, the following tree canopy
replacement ratio should be used:
TABLE 2-1
Tree Canopy - Replacement Standard
Canopy of the Removed Tree Replacement Trees
(Avg. dist. across the canopy)
4'-9' Two 24" Box Size (minimum)
10'-27' Three 24" Box Size
28'-40' Four 24" Box Size
40'-56' Six 24" Box Size
57 and Above Eight 24" Box & **
2-4
** Replace the tree with a combination of both Tree Canopy and Tree
Value Standards.
Note: Basis of this table is determined by the observed growth of one 24" box
size tree, growing at a rate equivalent to 9 feet of canopy over the course of ten
years.
How to use Table 2-1, Tree Canopy Replacement Table.
Column 1.
Determine the leaf canopy of the removed tree by measuring the distance
across the canopy at the widest point and narrowest point. Summate the
values and divide by the number of measurements for the average
canopy. The leaf canopy diameter of the tree (this information is typically
supplied within the Tree Hazard Evaluation or tree appraisal method) is
used to determine number and size of replacement trees in Column 2.
Column 2.
Determine the number of replacement trees. The planting of new trees
should equal the leaf canopy of the removed tree within a period of ten
years. The minimum replacement for removal of any public tree shall be
two 24-inch box trees.
Example of Tree Canopy Replacement Ratio:
The removal of a tree with a 39' crown spread will require four 24- inch box trees
to satisfy the criteria of this Section. Methodology e.g. the average canopy of a
new tree is 4' wide + the expected canopy growth of 6" per year x 10 years - a 9'
net canopy of one replacement tree. Thus, four 9' trees = 36' of new canopy, and
is a close approximate to the original 39' canopy tree.
2.25 TREE VALUE REPLACEMENT STANDARD
When the value of a tree needs to be determined, the value should be
determined by using the most recent edition of the Guide for Plant Appraisal
(Appendix G) published by the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers
2.30 TREE PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS
Plant specifications apply for trees that are:
1. Planted as a replacement for a public tree,
2. to be planted as a street tree within a pub#c place or other public land.
Using the following specifications will result in consistent City-wide plantings, and
superior tree growth and vitality. To achieve this, the landscape architect should
incorporate these items into their landscape specifications.
2-5
2.35 PLANTING STOCK AND MATERIALS
A. Quality
It is the property owner or contractor's responsibility to secure stock
that meets current ANSI Z60.1requirements. This document can be
found online at:
http :llwww.anla.orglapplicationslDocumentslDocslANLAStandard2
004.pdf
· All trees installed within the City of Bakersfield should conform
to American National Standards Institute, ANSI Z60.1,
Specifications for Acceptance of Nursery Trees at the Time of
Delivery, in all ways.
· Trees should be sound,.healthy, vigorous, and free of plant'
disease and insect pests and their eggs.
· Container stock should be grown for at least 8-months in
containers in which delivered and should not be root bound or
have girdling roots.
· Trees that have been topped or headed, have co-dominant
leaders, broken branches or injured trunks should be rejected.
· Landscape Contractor should inspect and verify at time of
delivery to project site that all plant material is acceptable
meeting the above standard.
· The City of Bakersfield retains the right to reject contractors
planting stock if it fails to meet the above standards. Approval of
stock by City of Bakersfield, Recreation and Parks Department
prior to planting is recommended.
B. The following miscellaneous materials should be used unless otherwise
specified:
· Tree stakes. Support stakes should be treated 2-inch diameter
Lodgepole Pine, two stakes per tree or approved equivalent. No
cross brace should be used. After installation, stakes should be
trimmed so that the branches clear the top of the stake. (See
C.O.B. Subdivision & Engineering Design Manual Fig. L-10)
2-6
· Tree Ties. The City of Bakersfield recommends the use of V.I. T
or wonder tree-tie with a 18 inch lead. This should be used and
installed in a mOdified figure eight fashion to support the tree
and securing the tie to the stakes. (See C.O.B. Subdivision &
Engineering Design Manual Fig. L-10)
· Mulch. Screened untreated wood chips 1/2- to l-inch in size,
spread to a 2-inch depth out to the edge of the root ball. The
mulch should be kept at least two inches away from the trunk
and should be applied to each tree (see Mulching, Section 2.45-
G).
· Mower guards. For trees in turf areas requiring regular mowing,
the tree stem shall be protected with TreeGuard or equivalent.
(See C.O.B. Subdivision & Engineering Design Manual Fig.L-
10)
· Tree Grates. Where sidewalk width is less than 8-feet and new
trees will be installed in a tree'well, metal or Polyethylene tree
grates should be used and approved by Public Works. Minimum
size grates should be 5'X 5' unless specified otherwise. All tree
grates should be mounted in frames; frames inset into a
concrete foundation within the sidewalk or surface material and
should be flush with the surrounding surface. (See C.O.B.
Subdivision & Engineering Design Manual Fig. L-12)
2.40 PLANTING SITE PREPARATION
A. Utilities Avoidance
Trees shall be located as to not interfere with water or irrigation
main or lateral lines, control wires, or other underground utilities.
Trees planted underneath powedines shall reach no more than
20' in height at maturity.
- B. Soil Preparation and Conditioning
All debris, wood chips, pavement, concrete and rocks over 2-
inches in diameter should be removed from the planting pit to a
minimum of 24-inch depth, unless specified otherwise (see also
Soil Improvement, Section 4.50).
C. Planting Pits
Trees in a confined planter pit or sidewalk area: The planting hole
should be excavated to a minimum of 30-inches deep X the width
of the exposed area. Scarify the sides of the pit (see Placing the
2-?
Tree, Section 2.45 C). Soil beneath the rootball should be
compacted to prevent settling.
D. Trees in all other areas
Excavate the hole to a minimum width of three times the diameter of the
container, and deep enough to allow the root ball of the container to rest
on firm soil. Scarify the sides and the bottom of the pit.
E. Height of the Root Ball
The height of the container root ball should be 1.to 1 1/2-inches higher
than grade level (see Planting the Tree, 2.45), except when structural
urban tree soil mix is used, in which case the tree may be planted at level
grade.
2.45 PLANTING THE TREE
A. Depth
To check the proper depth of the rootball, place the tree in the hole and
lay a pole or shovel across the original grade. The top of the root ball
should be I to 1 1/2-inches higher than original grade (See notes on
depth, Section 2.40 C). .
B. Container and Roots .
Remove tree from the container and trim the root ball in the following way:
· Thick circling roots: straighten or cut cleanly
· Thin roots: make three to four vertical cuts 1/2-inch deep
around rootball; spread the bottom out if necessary
C. Placing the Tree
Locate the tree in the hole, and rotate the tree to direct the main branches
away from the street side, if possible.
D. Filling the Hole -
Fill the hole halfway up with original soil (amended soil only when
approved. Add about 1-inch of water, and let drain. Fill'the rest of the hole
to grade, water the fill soil, and let drain.
E. Staking
Place the stakes at the edge of the root ball (drive them 2-feet into
undisturbed ground), and avoid contact with the branches. Set the stakes
in a plane at right angles to the wind.
Remove the nursery or transport stake_
2-8
Loosely place two ties in a modified figure eight around the trunk, as Iow
as needed to hold the tree upright and secure to the stake. Stakes should
be trimmed so that the branches clear the top of the stake. Do not install a
cross-brace.
F. Berm, Mulch and Water
Form a soil berm 18 inches from the trunk and 3 to 4-inches high at the
outermost edge. Place 1 to 2-inches of mulch or bark over root ball and
berm, keeping the mulch away from the trunk a minimum of 2-inches. Fill
the berm with water to capacity.
2.50 PLANTING IN DIFFICULT SOIL CONDITIONS
A. Turf Areas
In turf areas that receive regular watering, the watering berm may be
eliminated after tree is established. The turf should be temporarily
eliminated two and a half feet from the new tree stem, and mulch placed
on top of the cleared ground. The mulch should not be touching the tree
stem.
B. Alternate Specifications
· Occasionally, tree planting must occur in poor or difficult soil where
standard planting techniques will result in poor-to-average
performance or mortality (such as unique or unusual regional geology,
slope, soil volume, restrictive physical or chemical properties, poor
drainage, etc.). In this case, the responsible party, must investigate
alternative solutions to enable long term tree growth.
· Overly compacted soil or hard pan locations shall be over-excavated to
a minimum size of 4' X 4' wide X 3' deep prior to planting.
END OF SECTION
2-9
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
TREE TECHNICAL MANUAL
Section 3.00
HAZARDOUS TREES
INTRODUCTION
Property owners are responsible for the trees on or adjacent to their own
property (BMC 12.40.050). The City does not require advance permission for
removal or maintenance of public trees in emergencies. However, when removal
does occur, the city requires documentation of the problem after the fact. This is
to avoid the unlawful removal of sound trees on the grounds that they are
hazardous. Hazardous trees will be removed pursuant to BMC chapter
12.40.090.
If there is no immediate danger, and the structural deficiency can be corrected, it
should be. If the City determines that there was no reasonable basis for believing
there was an emergency, the property owner may face penalties for violating City
law.
The health and safety of a tree are two distinct and separate functional
characteristics. A vigorous and healthy tree may not necessarily be of sound
wood or structure. To remove a dangerous public tree, it must first be evaluated
and the tree determined to be "hazardous" as defined in this section. This must
be verified in writing by the director or Urban Forester before the tree can be
removed. (See also Removal, Replacement and Planting Trees, Section 2.00,
and ISA Hazard Evaluation Form, Section 3.20 B).
A. Tree Hazard Responsibility
On private property, it is the responsibility of the property owner to
mitigate or abate a known hazardous condition of a public or private
tree that may be of questionable str~cture or deemed as
hazardous. Most tree hazards can be prevented with regular
checkups by a tree care professional and timely maintenance
action by the property owner.
Public trees that may be a public safety hazard should be reported
to the City of Bakersfield, Recreation and Parks -- Operations at
(661)326-3866
B. Recognizing Tree Hazards
3-1
Determining whether or not a tree's defects constitute a condition'
that presents an imminent hazard to an area requires a high degree
of knowledge and experience. Hazard tree assessment should only
be evaluated by a certified arborist who is familiar with tree
physiology and can interpret the external signs of weaknesses, who
can perform internal checks if necessary and recommend mitigation
(see Hazard Evaluation Form, Section 3.20 B).
3.10 EMERGENCY REMOVAL CONDITIONS
A. Abatement
When a public tree has partially failed or it is apparent it is about to
fail and persons or properties are threatened the tree may be
removed without City review or approval. The City does not require
a Hazard Evaluation before the removal in this instance.
B. Authorization
Such cases must be substantiated after the fact by the property
owner and tree professional with photographs, abatement
information, insurance claim or other relevant information. The
information is to be submitted to the City Recreation and Parks
Division within seven days of emergency removal.
3.20 CRITERIA USED BY THE CITY TO DETERMINE IF A TREE IS
HAZARDOUS
A. Definition of Hazardous
The Manual defines 'Hazardous' (Section 1.10) as: a tree that
possesses a structural defect which poses an imminent risk if the
tree or part of the tree that would fall on someone or something of
value.
B. Evaluation Form
The City uses International Society of Arboriculture standards, an
- ISA - HAZARD EVALUATION FORM (see Appendix B) is used as
a basis to determine the hazard rating of a tree. This form, or an
approved equivalent, must be completed by a certified arborist. The
Urban Forester retains discretionary right to approve, request in
writing a second opinion of a rating, or recommend action that may
reduce the condition to a less-than significant level of hazard.
C. Authorization
If the hazardous condition or target cannot be mitigated for or
reduced to a less than significant level then the tree shall be
3-2
authorized for removal by the City and removed to abate the
condition.
3.30 HAZARD REDUCTION AND PREVENTION
Review of the following list will assist in the reduction hazardous conditions. The
following guidelines will help property owners avoid future problems.
· Always plant the right tree in the right place. Plant trees that are not
problematic and that fit the site. Select trees based upon their mature
height and shape, and make sure the species selected matches the soil
and other site characteristics. For example, avoid planting tall-growing
trees such as redwoods near power lines or too close to your house (see
Inherent Failure Patterns for Selected Species, Appendix C).
· Do not plant trees with a narrowly-forked stem or v-crotch, imbedded bark,
a girdling root ball, co-dominant leaders, or have been topped.
· When planting near hardscape, install root barriers parallel to hardscape
improvements such as sidewalks, driveways and walls to reduce intrusion,
lifting or buckling of adjacent improvements by trees roots
· If there are no other options to abate the hazard, the tree may need to be
removed entirely (see Removing a Hazardous Tree, Section 3.10). Steps
outlined in the Tree Removal Procedure (see Section 3.20) should be
submitted as soon as possible for review by the City. The following
checklist will help property owners avoid future problems:
· Prune trees when they are young (see Pruning Young Trees,
Section 4.15) and regularly thereafter.
· Use correct pruning methods, always making the pruning cut
outside the branch collar. This will allow only the minimum of decay
infection.
· Do not allow topping (see Definition, Section 1.21).
· A healthy, vigorous tree that receives regular care is less likely to become
hazardous than one that is ignored. Prevention is the best solution to the
tree hazard problem.
· The risk of a hazard tree may be reduced by removing dead and broken
branches, reducing branch end weights, by mechanically supporting weak
branches from below, or by cabling and bracing.
3-3
· Water thoroughly (generally, until saturation is reached) during dry
periods, slowly applying at least 2-inches of water per week (see
Watering, Section 4.40).
· In Some cases, targets may be removed such as by moving picnic tables
or other items beneath a precarious tree, fencing to prevent access to
such trees, or rerouting pedestrian or vehicular traffic.
· Erect barriers around or slightly beyond the root protection zone of trees
during construction. Insist that these root protection zones be honored by
construction workers.
· Where a valuable specimen tree may be suspected of developing into a
hazardous tree, use landscaping to keep people at a safe distance. This
may require techniques such as rerouting walks, moving patio furniture, or
planting shrubs and hedges to function as barriers to keep foot traffic at a
safe distance (Se,e Determining if a Tree is Hazardous, Section 3.20).
END OF SECTION
3-4
CITY OF BAKERSFIELD
TREE TECHNICAL MANUAL
Section 4.00
TREE MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES
INTRODUCTION
This chapter establishes the minimum standard of care and maintenance of
pubfic trees. These standards apply to all persons who own or are engaged in
the business of repairing, maintaining, or preserving pubfic trees.
The following standards of care are set forth for pruning and planting. These
standards and guidelines are based on sound arboricultural principles and are
applicable to public trees. It is recommended that all Bakersfield tree owners
follow these guidelines to provide superior care to their private trees.
SECTION 4.03 PERMITS FOR COMMERCIAL TREE CONTRACTORS
All contractors that perform any type of work or maintenance on public
trees are required to obtain a city-issued permit from the director prior to
performing said work. (See BMC 12.40.095)
Citations can be issued by Code Enforcement for:
a) Working on public trees without a permit
b) unauthorized tree removal
c) improper or prohibited maintenance practices
A permit is not required while working on private trees.
SECTION 4.05 CARE OF PUBLIC TREES
All adjacent owners of public trees should follow t_he maintenance and pruning
standards set forth in this Manual. If special pruning or situations require a
variance from these Standards, it is the responsibility of the property owner or
their arborist to clarify why the changes are needed and review them with the
Urban Forester.
SECTION 4.10 PROHIBITED MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Improper maintenance may constitute a prohibited act as defined by the
Bakersfield Municipal Code, Chapter 12.40.070 and a violation which may be
subject to penalty under Bakersfield Municipal Code, Chapter 12.40.090(C).
The following are prohibited maintenance practices for pubfic treeS.
4-]
A. Excessive Pruning
As defined in Section 1.8, Except for clearance pruning of utility
lines, traffic or abating a Public Nuisance, excessive pruning is a
prohibited act.
B. Topping
As defined in Section 1.21, Topping is a prohibited act. Seek
alternatives to topping. See Crown Reduction, Section 4.20(A) or
Tree Pruning Guidelines (Appendix D).
C. Other prohibited actions
Taking any action foreseeably leading to the death of a public tree
or permanent damage to its health, including but not limited to
excessive pruning or topping. See BMC 12.40.070 (Appendix A).
4.15 STANDARDS FOR PRUNING PUBLIC TREES
The most compelling reason to prune trees is to develop a Strong, safe
framework. All work to be performed on public trees must be in accordance with
the following standards.
A. Specifications
All specifications for work on public trees must be written and
administered by a Certified Arborist, and be designed to promote
the preservation of tree structure and health.
B. Industry Standards
All work on public trees must be in accordance with the most
current edition of the following industry standards:
· Standard Practices for Tree Care Operations - ANSI A300-
2001 (Appendix F)
· Safety Standards, ANSI Z133.1-2000 (Appendix E)
· Tree Pruning Guidelines (Appendix D)
C. Utility Clearance Pruning ~
All line clearance pruning performed by Pacific Gas and
Electric or its contractors must follow the most current
edition of the ANSI A300 standard.
· Standard Practices for Tree Care Operations - ANSI A300-
2001, Sec 5.3 Pruning cuts & Sec 5.9 Utility Pruning
(Appendix F)
4-2
4.20 PRUNING MATURE TREES
There are six types of pruning that are recommended for use on mature public
trees (See ISA Tree Pruning Guidelines, Appendix D). Prior to entering the tree,
the tree worker is required to be familiar with these types of pruning as stated in
the Performance Standards, ANSI, A300-2001.
'Species-specific' pruning promotes the natural shape of the tree (i.e. excurrent,
decurrent, vase-shaped, fast growing, etc.).
A. Types of Pruning
Crown Cleaning
Crown Thinning
Crown Raising
Crown Restoration
Crown Reduction
Utility Pruning
B. Tree Injury
Climbing and pruning practices must not injure the tree except for
the pruning cuts. This precludes the use of spikes or gaffs for
climbing purposes, except during removals.
4.25 PRUNING DISTRESSED TREES
Distressed trees require as much leaf area as possible to overcome stressed
conditions. To avoid additional injury, the following measures shall be folloWed
for these trees.
A. Injury or Disturbance
If a tree has been damaged by injury or disturbance, delay pruning
until deadwood becomes.evident (typically 1-3 years after injury).
Crown cleaning is then recommended.
B. Neglect
Trees that have received little or no_care or maintenance may need
moderate crown thinning, reduction of end weights or entire crown
restoration.
4.30 PRUNING YOUNG TREES
Pruning trees early will improve life expectancy and is a proven, cost-effective
measure. Added benefits are also reflected in safer trees with fewer branch
failures. For trees that serve as a replacement for a public tree, they must be
pruned in the following way:
4-3
· Young trees should be pruned during the second year after planting to
improve their structure, and only minor crown cleaning every 3-7 years
thereafter. Refer to ISA Tree Pruning Guidelines, Appendix D.
· Do not top the main leader. Main branches should be spaced at least 18-
inches apart to alleviate a tight grouping of branches.
· Select permanent branching and allow temporary Iow branching on the
lowest part of the trunk to remain.
4.40 WATERING SCHEDULE
Newly planted trees, including drought tolerant species, are dependent upon
irrigation until established, typically for two years. Periods of extreme heat, wind
or drought may require more or less water than recommended in these
specifications. The method and amount may also vary depending upon such
things as soil composition, whether planted in turf or ground cover. The watering
of public trees or their replacements should follow these guidelines:
New trees
During the establishment period (1-2 years) trees should be watered
thoroughly to their root depth as frequently as needed. The minimum
standards should be as follows:
1-3 months in the ground: (6) times per month or as necessary
4-6 months in the ground: (4) times per month or as necessary
7-12 months in the ground: (2) times per month or as necessary
4.50 SOIL IMPROVEMENT
During development, compaction of the soil is the largest single factor
responsible for the decline of older trees. Ninety percent of the damage
- to the upper eighteen inches of soil occurs during the first pass of heavy
equipment - and cannot be reversed. Every effort to avoid compaction of
soil porosity within the tree protection zone shall be taken at all times.
Soil that is damaged or compacted within the dripline of trees should be loosened
or aerated to promote root growth and enhance tree vitality. Two aeration
methods are recommended to correct soil compaction.
· Vertical Mulching: auger holes 1 to 3-inch diameter, 1 to 3-feet
deep, on 3-foot centers and either leave the holes empty or backfill
4-4
(around the dripline of the tree) with pOrous material such as sand
pea gravel or volcanic rock
· Soil-fracturing with a pneumatic air-driven device
4.60 INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
Generally, insect populations do not threaten tree health to the point of mortality.
More often, when their populations become too great they create a nuisance. For
example, scale on tulip trees or aphids feeding on purple leaf plums produce
sticky honeydew that may be a nuisance if dripping on cars or at a storefront
entry. Occasionally, however, pests such as Oak or Tussock Moth larvae can
defoliate and severely damage a tree. If action is warranted identify and target
the pest with a specific and timely treatment.
Disease
Soilborne diseases, such as Oak Root Fungus (Armillaria mellea) or Root Rot
(Phytophthora sp.), are present in Bakersfield soils. The following conditions that
favor a disease environment must be avoided.
· Compacting of the soil within the tree's dripline,
· adding filldirt,
· rototilling,
· excessive or regular watering on or near the tree trunk area
· planting incompatible water-loving plants within the tree's dripline.
Combined with poorly-drained soil, these factors often activate normally dormant
fungi to become opportunistic and infect the tree to cause the decline and
eventual death of the tree. This decline can be slow and may not be evident for
many years.
Foliar disease
Leaf spot or galls may be chronic or reoccur with specific seasons. Though many
of these diseases destroy leaf tissue and become unsightly, they may not
· significantly reduce the trees health and therefot-e need not be treated.
4.70 FRUIT CONTROL
While all trees produce flowers or fruit of some kind, some trees can be
considered a nuisance if the use area is not compatible with the litter generated
by the tree. For example, the dropping fruit of the European Olive (Olea
europaea), American Sweet Gum (Liquidamber styraciflua), or acorn drip of a
Holly Oak (Quercus ilex) may be a safety hazard if it is in the proximity of a
handicap ramp or other high pedestrian area. It is best to avoid planting such
trees where their litter will be a nuisance.
4-5
4.80 FIRE PROTECTION: KEEPING THE OPEN SPACE, PARKS &
COMMUNITY SAFE
The following measures if followed may help avoid a catastrophic and
irreplaceable fire loss to persons, houses, and mature trees.
· Keep dry grass mowed below 6-inches.
· A 30-foot defensible space should be obtained.
· No vegetation growing or combustible storage under decking.
· No tree canopy within 10-feet of chimney spark arrester.
· Break up solid areas of continuous plant growth which create a 'fire-
ladder'.
· Ask nursery professionals about fire-resistant shrubs to use in
landscaping.
· Keep tree well watered, regularly pruned and in healthy condition.
· Prevent excessive build-up of leaves and old branches.
· No firewood storage within 10-feet of structures.
· Make sure your driveway, road and bridges allow access for fire
equipment (13-foot vehicle clearance needed).
· Call city or county Fire department for specific recommendations in fire
prone areas
4.90 TIPS FOR SELECTING AN ARBORIST
Hiring a tree care provider deserves careful consideration and caution. A mistake
can be expensive and long-lasting. The right choice can assure health, beauty
and longer life for trees and landscape. Beware of door-knockers looking for tree
trimming jobs. Most reputable companies have all the work they can handle
without going door-to-door. Check for professional affiliations, and ask for local
references and other jobs the company or individual has done. Experience,
education and a good reputation are excellent signs of a good arbodst.
END OF SECTION
4-6
APPENDIX A
12.40,010 Title.
This chapter shall be known as the "tree ordinance" and may be cited as such.
(Ord. 4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Prior code § 12.36.010)
12.40.020 Definitions.
For the purposes of this chapter, the words set out in this section shall have the
following meanings:
A. "Director" means director of recreation and parks or designee.
B. "Parkway" means and includes that area between sidewalks and that portion
of streets ordinarily used for vehicular travel, or any other public area adjacent to
sidewalks and streets ordinarily and usually used as and for planting areas.
C. "Public place" means and includes streets, avenues, highways, alleys, parks,
parkways, sidewalks, sidewalk spaces or any other place open to or for the use
of the public.
D. "Sidewalk" means and includes that portion of a street, other than the
roadway, set apart for pedestrian travel.
E. "Street" means and includes any way or place, of whatever nature, publicly
maintained and open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular or
pedestrian travel. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Prior code § 12.36.020)
12.40.030 Establishment of comprehensive plan.
A. It is for the best interests of the city that a comprehensive plan for the planting
and maintaining of trees within the city should be developed and established, and
this chapter is adopted for the purpose of providing for such a plan, and for the
purpose of establishing regulations relating to the planting and maintaining of
trees in the streets of the city and other public and private places therein.
B. The city planning commission is charged with the duty of determining the
types and varieties of trees for planting along the streets. Such determination
shall be made by the commission after consultat_ion with city urban forester.
When such determination has been made, the commission shall report its
determination in writing to the city council in a report to be designated "Official
Tree Planting List, Bakersfield, California." Said report shall be placed on file in
the office of the city clerk, and after such filing, the same shall be the official
determination of the commission. Thereafter said commission may, from time to
time, file subsequent reports covering the same subject, each of which shall be
complete in itself and each shall also be filed in the office of the city .clerk. The
latest of such reports so filed shall constitute the official list until supplanted by a
subsequent list.
C. The director shall from time to time, at the request of the city council, prepare
plans which shall designate, by means of a complete map of the city streets, a
APPENDIX A
uniform method of street tree planting, the 'zoning of certain streets for certain
types and varieties of trees, selecting suitable types for residential areas and
special types of trees for nonresidential areas. Such plans shall show the
intervals between said trees, and the place where each tree is to be planted. The
director shall submit such plan or plans to the city council for its approval Or
modification, together with the recommendation of the city planning commission.
D. When the uniform plan in its original or modified form is adopted by the city
council, it shall become the tree planting plan for the streets of the city, and shall
be strictly adhered to in all future street planting projects. The director and the
city planning commission shall develop such plans together. Copies of such
plans shall be made and kept on file in the office of the city clerk where they may
be obtained by the public. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Prior code § 12.36.030)
12.40.040 Jurisdiction and control.
The director shall have full jurisdiction and control of the designation of types and
varieties, planting, setting out, locating and placing of all trees, shrubs and plants
in the streets, parks, parkways and public places of the city, and shall likewise
have supervision, direction and control of the removal, relocation and
replacement thereof; provided, however, that in making such determinations and
exercising such control, he shall be limited to the trees, shrubs or plants
designated on the then current official tree planting list. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part),
2003: Prior code § 12.36.040)
12.40.050 Duties of adjacent owners to maintain.
It is made the duty of all owners, agents, tenants or other persons having
possession or control of real property within said city to properly cultivate, care
for and maintain all trees, shrubs and plants now or hereafter planted or set out
within any parkway or public place immediately adjacent to their respective real
properties, subject, however, to the general supervision, direction and control of
_ said director. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Prior code § 12.36.060)
12.40.060 Interfering with planting or caring for trees prohibited.
No person, firm or corporation shall interfere with the director or persons acting
under his authority while engaged in planting, mulching, pruning, trimming,
spraying, treating or removing any tree, shrub or plant in any street, park,
parkway or public place within the city, or in the removing of any stone, cement
or other substance from about the trunk of any tree, shrub or plant in any such
street, park, parkway or public place. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Prior code §
12.36.070)
APPENDIX A
12.40.070 Killing or injuring trees prohibited--Harmful substances.
A. No person, firm or corporation shall, in any way, harm, injure, destroy or kill
any tree, shrub or plant growing upon any street, park, parkway or public place,
by any method whatsoever.
B. No person, firm or corporation shall cause, authorize or allow any brine water,
oil, liquid dye or any other substance deleterious to tree or' plant life, to lie, leak,
pour, flow or drip on or into the soil about the base of any tree, shrub or plant in
any street, park, parkway or public place in the city at a point from which such
substance may, by lying upon or by flowing, dripping or seeping into such soil
injure, destroy or kill such tree, shrub or plant.
C. No person, firm or corporation, without the approval of the director, shall place
or maintain any stone, cement or other substance which might impede the free
access of water or air to the roots of any tree, shrub or plant in any street,
parkway or public place in the city. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Prior code §
12.36.080)
12.40.080 Inspection and removal.
A. The director may inspect any tree, shrub or plant upon any street, park,
parkway or public place of the city, to determine whether the same or any part
thereof constitutes a hazard or an impediment to the progress or vision of anyone
traveling on said street or public places.
B. If the director determines that any tree, shrub or plant is hazardous to the
traveling public or impedes the progress or the vision of said public on any such
street or public place, he may cause the same, or such parts thereof as are
hazardous or impeditive, to be trimmed or removed so as to remedy such
hazardous or impeditive condition. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Prior code §
12.36.090)
12.40.090 Duty of private owners-Removal ({f hazardous trees--Charging
costs of work done by city.
A. It shall be the duty of every person, firm or corporation having charge or
control of any lot or premises, either as owner, agent, lessee, tenant or
otherwise, to trim or cause to be trimmed, or remove or cause to be removed, all
trees, shrubs or plants or any part or parts thereof, growing or standing on said
property, which may constitute a hazard or an impediment to the progress or
vision of anyone traveling on any street or public place.
B. Whenever it comes to the attention of the director that any tree, shrub or plant
growing or standing on any private property constitutes a hazard or an
APPENDIX A
impediment to the progress or vision of anyone traveling on any street or public
place, he shall give notice of such hazard or impediment to the owner or
occupant of said premises together with a request to remove or correct such
condition. Such notice and request may be given either by personal service or by
mail, to the owner or occupant or other person in charge or control of said
premises, or by posting notice upon said property and mailing a copy thereof to
the owner or occupant. The owner or occupant of said premises shall, within ten
days after the service or posting and mailing of said notice, remove or cause to
be removed, such hazardous or impeditive condition.
C. Should any person, firm or corporation fail, neglect or refuse to conform with
the provisions of this chapter, the director shall have the power to carry out such
provisions and the cost thereof shall be charged to and become a valid claim
against such person, firm or corporation, recoverable in any court of competent
jurisdiction. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Prior code § 12.36.100)
12.40.095 Permits for commercial tree contractors.
All contractors that perform any type of work or maintenance on trees within the
streets, parks, pathways and public places of the city are required to obtain a
city-issued permit from director prior to performing said work. The cost of said
permit shall be set by resolution by the city council and the permit does not
supplant the requirement for an encroachment permit. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part),
2003)
12.40.100 No liability upon city.
Nothing contained in this chapter shall be deemed to impose any liability upon
the city, its officers or employees, nor to relieve the owners of any private
property from the duty to keep any tree, shrub or plant upon his property, or
under his control, in such a condition as to prevent it from constituting a hazard
or an impediment to the progress or vision of anyone traveling on any street or
_ public place within the city. (Ord. 4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Prior code § 12.36.110)
12.40.110 Types prohibited.
It is unlawful for the owner, lessee, agent, tenant or any other person having
charge or control of any lot, piece or parcel of land within the city, to plant, grow
or permit to be planted or grown any female Populus fremontii tree or trees
commonly known as female cottonwood trees or trees which bear seeds of a
cottony, wingy or downy nature; the fruiting variety of Morus alba and Morus
nigra tree or trees, commonly known as the fruiting variety of mulberry tree; or
APPENDIX A
any Ailanthus tree, commonly known as tree of heaven within said city. (Ord.
4122 § 1 (part), 2003: Ord. 2738 § 1, 1982: prior code § 12.36.120)
APPENDIX C
List of Inherent failure Patterns for Selected Species
Reference Source
Publication by Matheny, Nelda P., James R. Clark. Evaluation of Hazard trees in
Urban Areas II. Savoy, IL, Intemational Society of Arboriculture (ISA), 1994
To obtain a copy of this document, call the ISA at:
Phone(217) 355-9411
Fax (217) 355-9516
http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~isa
APPENDIX E
ANSI Z133.1-2000
American National Standards Institute Standard
For Tree Care Operations--
Pruning, Trimming, Repairing, Maintaining and Removing Trees,
And Cutting Brush Safety Requirements
Publication can be obtained from the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA),
P.O. Box 3129, Champaign, IL 61826-3129
Phone(217) 355-9411
Fax (217) 355-9516
www.ag.uiuc.edu/~isa
APPENDIX F
ANSI A300 (Part 1).2001
American National Standards Institute Standard
For Tree Care Operations--.
Pruning, Trimming, Repairing, Maintaining and Removing Trees,
And Cutting Brush--Standard Practices
Publication can be obtained from the Intemational Society of Arboriculture (ISA),
P.O. Box 3129, Champaign, IL 61826-3129
Phone(217) 355-9411
Fax (217) 355-9516
www.ag.uiuc.edu/~isa
APPENDIX G
Guide for Plant Appraisal
Reference Source
Publication by Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers. 9th Edition. Savoy, IL,
International Society of Arboriculture (ISA), 1994
To obtain a copy of this document, call the ISA at:
Phone(217) 355-9411
Fax (217) 355-9516
www. ag.uiuc.edu/~isa
Botanical Name Common Name Size Lifespan Height Width Rooting Planting Space Water Use Foliage Form Growth Rate
Abies bracteata Santa Lucia fir Large 50 70 20 Deep 15 Medium Evergreen Pyrimidal Slow
Abies concolor ~vhite fir Very Large 50 120 20 Deep - 20 Medium Evergreen Pydmidal Slow
Acacia baileyana E~ailey's acacia Medium 40 30 30 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Acacia baileyana 'Purpurea' purple-leaf acacia Medium 40 30 30 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Acacia cyclops None Small 40 15 20 Deep 5 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Acacia dealbata silver wattle Medium 40 50 40 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Acacia melanoxylon blackwood acacia Medium 40 40 20 Aggressive 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Acer saccharinum Silver maple Very Large 100 100 80 Shallow 20 Medium Deciduous Rounded Fast
Aesculus californica California buckeye Small 60 20 30 Deep 5 Low Deciduous Oval Moderate
Albizia juliburissin Silk tree, Mimosa Medium 50 40 20 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Vase Fast
Alnus cordata Italian alder Medium 40 40 25 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Oval Moderate
Alnus glutinosa Black alder Large 40 70 30 Shallow 15 Medium Evergreen Oval Moderate
Alnus rhombifolia white aider Large 40 90 40 Shallow 15 High Evergreen Oval Moderate
iArbutus andrachne Turkish madrone Medium 40 40 40 Moderate 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Arbutus unedo strawberry tree Medium 40 35 35 Moderate 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Slow
Arbutus Unedo 'Marina' Marina hybrid stawberry tree Medium 40 40 40 Moderate 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Azara microphylla Boxleaf azara Small 50 18 12 Unknown 5 Medium Evergreen Oval Slow
Betuia pendula European white birch Medium 30 40 20 Shallow 10 High Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Brachychiton populneus Bottle tree Medium 50 50 30 Deep 10 Medium Evergreen Oval Moderate
Calocedrus decurrens incense cedar Large 100 90 15 Deep 15 Medium Evergreen Conical Moderate
Castanea saliva Spanish chestnul Very Large 100 100 110 Moderate 20 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Castanopsis cuspidala Japanese chinquapin Medium 60 45 25 Moderate 10 Medium Evergreen Oval Slow
Casuarina cunninghamiana river she-oak Large 60 70 30 Deep 15 Low Evergreen Conical Fast
Casuarina equisetifolia Horsetail tree Medium 60 60 20 Moderate 10 Low Evergreen Conical Fast
O, asuarina stricta she-oak Medium 60 35 20 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Conical Fast
Catalpa bignonioides Common catalpa Medium 60 40 40 Deep 10 Medium Deciduous Conical Moderate
Catalpa speciosa western catalpa Medium 60 60 40 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Cedrus brevifolia Cyprian cedar Medium 70 50 40 Deep 10 Medium Evergreen Conical Slow
Cedrus deodara deodar cedar Large 100 80 40 Deep 15 Medium Evergreen Conical Fast
Cedrus deodara 'Aurea' golden deodar cedar Large 100 80 40 Deep 15 Medium Evergreen Conical Fast
Cedrus libani cedar-of-Lebanon Large 100 80 40 Deep 15 Medium Evergreen Conical Slow
Cedrus libani ssp. atlantica Glauca blue Atlas cedar Medium 100 60 25 Deep 10 Medium Evergreen Conical Slow
Celtis australis Mediterranean hackberry Large 50 80 35 Moderate 15 Medium Evergreen Oval Moderate
Celtis occidentalis Common hackberry Medium 50 50 40 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Celtis reticulata western hackberry Medium 50 30 30 Deep 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Celtis sinensis Chinese hackberry Medium 50 40 40 Moderate 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Ceratonia siliqua carob Medium 50 40 40 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Slow
Cercidium floridum ~alo verde Medium 60 30 20 Deep 10 Low Deciduous Rounded Fast
Cercidium floridum "Desert Museum" blue palo verde Medium 60 35 30 Deep 10 Low Deciduous Rounded Fast
Cercidium microphyllum littleleaf palo verde Small 60 20 20 Deep 5 Low Deciduous Rounded Slow
~ercis canadensis Eastern redbud Medium 30 25 20 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Arboresent shrub Moderate
APPENDIX H
Botanical Name Common Name Size Lifespan Height Width Rooting Planting Space Water Use Foliage Form Growth Rate
Cercis occidentalis Western rec~ud Small 30 18 15 Deep 5 Ve~/Low Deciduous Arboresent shrub Moderate
Cercis siliquastrum Judas tree Medium · 50 25 25 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous - Arboresent shrub Moderate
iChilopsis linearis desed-willow Medium 40 30 20 Deep 10 Very Low Deciduous Rounded Moderate
,;hionanthus retusus Taiwan fringe tree Small 40 20 15 Moderate 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Ohionanthus virginicus fringe tree Medium 50 25 20 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Slow
Chitalpa tashkentensis Chilalpa Medium 40 30 30 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Fast
Cinnamonium camphora Camphor tree Medium 50 50 60 Deep 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Cladrastis kenlukea Yellow wood Medium 60 50 25 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Oval Slow
Comarostaphylis diversifolia ssp planif summer holly Small 50 18 8 Deep 5 Very Low Evergreen Oval Moderate
Cordia boissieri Texas olive Small 50 12 10 Deep 5 Medium Evergreen Oval Moderate
Comus capitata Evergreen dogwood Medium 40 30 30 Moderate 10 Medium Both Oval Moderate
Comus coniroversa Giant Dogwood Medium 60 60 60 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Oval Fast
Comus florida Flowering Dogwood Medium 60 30 30 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Comus nuttallii Pacific Dogwood Medium 60 50 20 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Corylus colurna Turkish Hazel Medium 50 50 25 Deep 10 Low Deciduous Pyrimidal Moderate
Cotinus coggygna smoke tree Small 20 15 15 Deep 5 Low Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Cotinus coggygria 'Royal Purple' smoke tree Small 20 15 15 Deep 5 Low Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Cotinus obovatus American smokewood Small 20 20 20 Deep 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Crataegus crus-galli 'inermis' Thornless Cockspur lhorn Medium 40 30 35 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Vase Moderate
Crataegus phaenopyrum Washington hawthorn Medium 40 25 20 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Vase Moderate
Crataegus viridis Green Hawthorn Medium 40 30 30 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Vase Moderate
Cryptomeria laponica cryptomeria Very Large 80 100 30 Moderate 20 high Evergreen Pyrimidal Fast
Cupressus arizon~ca Arizona cypress Medium 60 40 20 Deep 10 Very Low Evergreen Pyrimidal Moderate
Cupressus forbesii Tecate cypress Medium 50 25 20 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Pyrimidal Fast
Davidia involucrata Dove tree Large 50 65 40 Unknown 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Drimys winteri #inters bark Medium 50 25 20 Shallow 10 High Evergreen Rounded Moderale
Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive Small 40 20 20 Deep 5 Low Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Elaeocarpus decipiens Japanese blueberry tree Medium 60 60 20 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderale
Eriobotrya deflexa Bronze Ioquat Medium 50 30 30 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Eucalyptus baueriana :~lue box Large 100 75 45 Deep 15 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus behriana :)road leaved mallee box Medium 60 30 20 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Eucalypius camaldulensis river red gum Very Large 100 150 100 Deep 20 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus cinerea Silver dollar Eucalyptus Medium 100 55 45 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus citriodora lemon-scented gum Large 100 90 45 Deep 15 Medium Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus formanii ~None Small 60 18 18 Deep 5 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Eucalyptus globulus Iblue gum Very Large 100 165 75 Deep 20 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus gunm~ Cider gum Large 100 75 45 Deep 15 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
[;ucalyptus leucoxylon ,white ironbark Large 100 90 60 Deep 15 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa !large-fruited yellow gum Medium 60 25 20 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fasl
Eucalyptus macrocarpa None Small 60 12 36 Deep 5 Low Evergreen Oval Moderate
Eucalyptus melliodora yellow box Large 100 90 75 Deep 15 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
APPENDIX H
Botanical Name C~mmon Name Size Lifespan Height Width Rooting Planting Space Water Use Foliage Form Growth Rate
Ligustrum ~ucidum Glossy privet Medium 30 40 30 Shallow 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Liquidambar formosana Chinese sweet gum Medium 70 ,60 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Liquidambar odentalis ~riental sweet gum Medium 50 30 30 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Liquidambar styraciflua sweet gum Medium 70 60 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Liquidambar styraciflua 'Burgundy' ~)urgundy sweet gum Medium 70 60 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Liquidambar slyraciflua 'Festival' festival sweet gum Medium 70 60 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Liquidambar styraciflua 'Palo Alto' Palo Alto sweet gum Medium 70 60 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Liriodendron tulipifera tulip tree Large 70 80 40 Shallow 15 High Deciduous Columnar Fast
rvlaackia amurensis Amur maackia Medium 60 30 30 Unknown 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Maackia chinensis Chinese Maackia Medium 60 30 30 Unknown 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia acuminata Cucumber tree Large 60 80 30 Deep 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia campbeilii None Large 60 80 40 Shallow 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia dawsoniana Dawson Magnolia Medium 60 50 30 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia denudata Yulan Magnolia Medium 60 35 20 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia denudata 'Elizabeth' None Medium 60 40 20 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia fraseri None Medium 60 30 20 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia fraseri 'Galaxy' None Medium 60 40 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia grandiflora Southern Magnolia Large 60 80 60 Shallow 15 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Magnolia grandiflora 'D.D. Blanchard' D,D. Blanchard Medium 60 50 35 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Magnolia grandiflora 'Edith Bogue' Edith Bogue Soulhern Magnolia Medium 60 35 20 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Magnolia grandiflora 'Little Gem' Dwarf Southern Magnolia Medium 60 25 15 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Magnolia grandiflora 'Majestic Beauty' Majestic Beauty Southern Magnolia Medium 60 50 20 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderale
Magnolia grandiflora 'Russet' Russet Southern Magnolia Large 60 80 20 Shallow 15 Medium Evergreen Columnar Fast
Magnolia grandiflora 'Samuel Somme( Samuel Sommer Southern Magnolia Medium 60 40 30 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Fast
Magnolia grandiflora 'San Marind San Marino Soulhern Magnolia Medium 60 25 20 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Slow
Magnolia grandiflora 'St. Map/' St. Mary Southern Magnolia Medium 60 30 20 Shallow 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Slow
Magnolia grandiflora 'Victoria' ~/ictoria Southern Magnolia Small 60 20 15 Shallow 5 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Magnolia hypoleuca None Medium 50 50 30- Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia hypoleuca 'lolanthe' None Medium 60 25 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia kobus kobus magnolia Medium 60 30 20 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia Kosar-DeVos hybrid 'Ann' Ann's magnolia Small 50 12 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia Kosar-DeVos hybrid 'Betty' Betty's magnolia Small 60 12 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia Kosar-DeVos hybrid 'Judy' Judy's magnolia Small 60 12 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia Kosar-DeVos hybrid 'Randi' Randi's Magnolia Small 60 12 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia Kosar-DeVos hybrid 'Ricki' , Ricki's magnolia Small 60 12 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magnolia salicifolia Anise magnolia Medium 60 30 12 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Slow
Magnolia salicifolia 'Miss Jack' Miss Jack anise magnolia Medium 60 30 12 Deep 10 Medium Deciduous
Magnolia sieboldii oyama renge Small 60 15 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
IMagnolia stellala star magnolia Small 60 10 20 ShaLlow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
iMagnolia stellata 'Waterlily' waterlily star magnolia Small 60 10 20 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Magnolia x soulangiana 'Burgundy' Burgundy saucer magnolia Medium 60 25 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Roun~led Moderate
APPENDIX H
Botantcal Name Common Name Size Lifespan Height Width Rooting Planting Space Water Use Foliage Form Growth Rate
Matus 'Adams' Adams crabapple Samll 40 20 20 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Malus 'Adirondack' Adirondack crabapple Small 40 12 6 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Columnar moderate
Malus 'Almey' Almey crabapple Small 40 30 20 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Malus 'Ames White' Ames White Crabapple Medium 40 25 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
'vlalus coronaria 'Donald Wyman' Donald Wyman Crabapple Small 40 20 25 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
~alus floribunda Japanese flowering crabapple Small 40 12 18 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Malus floribunda 'Harvest Gold' Harvest Gold Crabapple Medium · 40 30 15 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Columnar Fast
Malus floribunda 'Hopa' Hopa crabapple Medium 40 25 20 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous . Rounded Fast
Malus hupensis Tea crabapple Small 40 15 25 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Malus hupensis 'Indian Magid ilndian Magic Crabapple Small 40 20 20 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Malus hupensis 'Indian Summer' Indian Summer Crabapple Small 40 18 18 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Malus Ioensis 'Jewelberry' Jewelberry Crabapple Small 40 8 12 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Malus Ioensis 'Madonna' Madonna Crabapple Small 40 20 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Malus kaido 'Molten Lava' Molten Lava Crabapple Small 40 12 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Malus kaido 'Narraganesset' Narraganessel Crabapple Small 40 15 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Malus kaido 'Pink Princess' Pink Princess Crabapple Small 40 15 12 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Magus kaido 'Pink Spires' Pink Spires Crabapp~e Medium 40 25 15 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Malus kaido 'Prarifire' Prarifire Crabapple Small 40 20 20 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Malus kaido 'Profusion' Profusion Crabappte Small 40 20 20 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Malus sargentii Sargent Crabapple Small 40 10 20 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Malus sieboldii 'Snowdrift' snowdrift Crabapple Medium 40 25 25 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Malus sieboldii 'Strawberry Parfait' Strawberry Parfait Crabapple. Small 40 20 25 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Malus sieboldii 'Sugar Tyme' Sugar Tyme Cfabapple Small 40 18 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Malus sieboldii 'Thunderchild' Thunderchild Crabapple Small 40 20 18 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
',,,lalus sieboldii 'Weeping Candied Apple' Weeping Candied Apple Crabapple Small 40 15 20 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Malus X purpurea 'Robinson' Robinson Crabapple Medium 40 25 15 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Vase Moderate
Malus X purpurea 'Royal Fountain' Royal Fountain Crabapple Small 40 15 15 Shallow 5 Medium Deciduous weeping Moderate
'vlaytenus boaria 'Green Showers' mayten Medium 70 50 50 Moderate 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded weeping Slow
Melia azedarach chinaberry tree Medium 70 50 50 Deep 10 Low Deciduous Rounded
Nyssa sylvatica tupelo Medium 70 50 25 Moderale 10 Medium Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Olea europaea 'Swan Hill' Swan Hill fruitless olive Medium 70 30 30 Deep 10 Very Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Persea thunberg~, None Large 90 80 60 Moderale 15 Medium Evergreen Pyrimidal Fast
Pinus brutia ssp. eldarica Eldar pine Large 90 80 25 Moderale 15 Low Evergreen Pyrimidal Fast
Pinus bungeana lacebark pine Large 80 75 50 Moderale 15 Evergreen Rounded Slow
Pinus cananensis Canary Islands pine Large 80 80 35 Moderate 15 Low Evergreen Pyrimidal Fast
Pinus cembroides Pinon pine Small 100 25 20 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Slow
Pinus contorta shore pine Medium 50 35 30 Moderate 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Fast
Pinus eclulis Rocky mountain pinon Small 50 20 16 Moderate 5 Low Evergreen Rounded Slow
Pinus flexilis limber p~ne Medium 80 55 25 Moderate 10 Unknown Evergreen Rounded Slow
Pinus halepensis Aleppo pine Medium 60 60 25 Moderate 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Pinus nigra European black pine Medium 70 60 30 Moderate 10 Medium Evergreen P',Jrimida~ Moderate
APPENDIX H
Botanical Name Common Name Size Lifespan Height Width Rooting Planting Space Water Use Foliage Form Growth Rate
Pinus pinea Italian stone pine Large 100 80 60 Moderate 15 Low Evergreen Umbrella Moderate
Pinus roxburghii ~,hir pine Very Large 90 - 80 40 Moderate 15 Medium Evergreen Columnar Fast
Pinus sabiniana Iray pine Large 90 80 50 Moderate 15 Very Low Evergreen Irregular Fast
Pinus strobus eastern white pine Large 80 80 40 Unknown 15 Medium Evergreen Pyrmidial Fast
Pinus sylvestris Scots pine Large 80 70 30 Moderate 15 High Evergreen Irregular Moderate
Pinus sylvestris 'French Blue' French blue Scots p~ne Large 80 70 30 Moderate 15 Medium Evergreen Irregular Moderate
~inus lhunbergii Japanese black pine Small 60 30 20 Moderate 10 Medium Evergreen Irregular Slow
IPinus torreyana Torrey pine Large 60 60 40 Moderate 15 Low Evergreen Rounded Fasl
Pistacia chinensis Chinese pistache Medium 70 60 60 Moderale 15 Low Deciduous Rounded Moderale
Pistacia chinensis 'Keith Davey' Stockton Chinese pistache Medium 70 60 60 Moderate 10 Low Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Platanus racemosa California sycamore Large 70 80 50 Shallow 15 Medium Deciduous Pyrmidial Fast
Platanus x acarifolia 'bloodgood London plane tree Large 70 80 40 Shallow 15 Low Deciduous Pyrmidial Fast
Podocarpus gracitior :em Pine Medium 60 60 20 Intrusive 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Podocarpus henkelii Long-leafed Yellowwood Medium 60 50 20 Intrusive 10 High Evergreen Oval Slow
Podocarpus ~atifolius Ye{Iowwood Medium 60 50 20 Intrusive 10 High Evergreen Oval Slow
Podocarpus macrophyllus Yew Pine Medium 60 50 15 Intrusive 10 Medium Evergreen Oval Moderate
Populus fremontii 'Nevada' desed cottonwood Large 70 60 30 Shallow 15 Medium Deciduous Irregular Moderate
Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana r~oney mesquite Medium 80 30 20 Deep 10 Low Deciduous Irregular Moderate
Prunus cerasifera ;berry plum Small 20 18 15 Intrusive 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
~runus cerasifera 'Thundercloud' lhundercloud cherry plum Small 20 18 15 Intrusive 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderale
Prunus glandulosa 'Alba Plena' double white dwarf flowering almond Small 30 8 6 Moderate 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Slow
Prunus glandulosa 'Sinensis' double pink dwarf flowering almond Small 30 8 6 Moderate 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Slow
Prunus ilicifolia holly-leafed cherry Medium 50 25 25 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
?rt~nus ilicifolia ssp. lyonii Catalina cherry Medium 50 45 30 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
~runus laurocerasus cherry laurel Medium 50 30 30 Deep 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Prunus mume 'Matsubara Red' Matsubara red Japanese apricot Small 50 25 20 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Umbrella Moderate
Prunus mume 'Rosemary Clarke' white flowering apricot Medium 50 25 20 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Umbrella Moderate
Prunus mume 'W.B. Clarke' W.B. Clarke Japanese apricot Small 50 25 20 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Umbrella Moderate
Prunus sargentii Sargent cherry Medium 60 60 45 Moderate 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Prunus serru{ata Japanese flowering cherry Large 50 60 25 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Umbrella Moderate
Prunus tomentosa Nanking cherry Small 30 8 10 Moderate 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderale
Pseudotsuga macrocarpa bigcone Douglas-fir Large 80 60 30 Moderate 15 Medium Evergreen Conical Slow
Pseudetsuga menzies~ Douglas-fir Very Large 100 150 30 Deep 20 Medium Evergreen Conical Slow
Pterostyrax hispida epaulette tree Medium 40 30 30 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Punica granatum 'Nochi shibori' Fruitless pomegranate Small 40 10 10 Intrusive 5 Low Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Pyrus calleryana 'White House' Caltery Pear Medium 30 40 15 Moderate 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Fast
Pyrus kawakamii Evergreen Pear Medium 50 30 30 Moderate 5 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Quercus agrifolia ~oas~ live oak Large 200 70 50 Deep 10 Very Low Evergreen Oval Slow
Quercus alba ~hite oak Very Large 100 100 40 Moderate 15 Medium Deciduous Columnar Moderate
Quercus canariensis Algerian oak Very Large 100 100 20 Moderate 15 Unknown Semi-Evergreen Columnar Moderate
Quercus cerris Turkey oak Very Large 100 100 50 Deep 15 Low Deciduous Umbrella Moderate
APPENDIX H
Botanical Name Common Name Size Lifespan Height Width Rooting Planting Space Water Use Foliage Form Growth Rate
Eucalyptus microtheca coolibah Medium 100 60 §5 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus nicholii Nichol's willow-leaf peppermint Medium 100 55 35 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
-'ucalyptus parvifelia small-leaved gum .Medium 100 30 30 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus robusta iswamp mahogany Large 100 75 75 Deep 15 Low Evergreen Oval Fasl
Eucalyptus rudis [Iooded gum Medium 100 60 40 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus sideroxylon red irenbark Large 100 90 · 60 Deep 15 Low Evergreen Oval Fast
Eucalyptus stellulata black sallee Medium 60 45 30 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus torquata Coral gum Medium 60 40 30 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucalyptus viminalis ribbon gum Very Large 100 150 45 Deep 20 Low Evergreen Rounded Fast
Eucommia ulmoides lutta-percha tree Medium 60 60 60 Unknown 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Fagus sylvatica European beech Large 60 90 60 Shallow 15 High Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Firmania ptantanifolia Chinese parasol tree Medium 60 30 15 Deep 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Slow
Forestiera neomexicana desed olive Small 40 18 12 Deep 5 Low Deciduous Arboresent shrub Fast
Fraxinus americana White ash Large 60 80 50 Moderate 1,5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Fraxinus angustifolia 'Fan west' Fan wesl ash Medium 50 40 40 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Fraxinus latifolia Oregon ash Large 60 80 50 Shallow 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Fraxinus oxycarpa 'Raywood' Raywood ash Medium 60 45 40 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Fraxinus uhdei Shamel ash Large 60 80 60 Shallow 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Fraxinus velutina 'Modesto' Modesto ash Medium 60 50 30 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Fraxinus velutina 'Rio Grande' Fan-Tex ash Medium 60 50 30 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Geijera parviflora Austrailian willow Medium 60 30 20 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Ginkgo biloba ginkgo Medium 50 50 25 Deep 10 Medium Deciduous Pyrimidal Slow
Ginkgo biloba 'Fairmount' Fairmount Parl~ ginkgo Medium 60 50 25 Deep 10 Medium Deciduous Pyrimidal Slow
Ginkgo biloba 'Saratoga' Autumn Gold,i) ginkgo Medium 60 50 25 Deep 10 Medium Deciduous Pyrimidal Slow
Gleditsia triacanthos Honey locust Large 60 70 35 Deep 15 Low Deciduous Rounded Fasl
Grevillea robusta silk-oak Medium 80 60 35 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Pyrimidal Fast
Gymnocladis dioica Kentucky coffee tree Very Large 100 100 50 Unknown 20 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Halesia carolina Snowdrop tree Medium 60 40 35 Unknown 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Halesia diptera None Medium 60 30 30 Unknown 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Halesia monticola Mountain silver bell Medium 60 60 30 Unknown 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Heteromeles arbulifolia toyon Medium 30 25 20 Deep 10 Very Low Evergreen Arborecent shrub Moderate
Hymenosporum flavum Sweetshade Medium 60 40 20 Unknown 10 High Evergreen Pyrimidal Slow
Jacaranda mimosifolia Jacaranda Medium 50 40 30 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Oval Slow
Koelreuteria bipinnala Chinese flame tree Medium 60 40 40 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Koalreuteria paniculata Goldenrain tree Medium 60 35 40 Shallow 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Lagerstroemia fauriei Japanese crape mydle Medium 50 30 30 Moderate 10 Low Deciduous Rounded Slow
Lagerstroemia Hybrids _. fauriei x L. indica hybrids Medium 50 25 18 Moderate 10 Low Deciduous Rounded Slow
Lagersiroemia indica crape mydle Medium 50 25 25 Moderate 10 Low Deciduous Rounded Slow
Larix decidua European larch Medium 70 60 25 Unknown 10 Medium Deciduous Pyrimidal Fast
Larix kaempferi Japanese larch Medium 70 60 30 Unknown 10 Medium Deciduous Pyrimidal Fasl
Laurus nobJlJs Grecian laurel Medium 50 40 40 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Pounded
APPENDIX H
Botanical Name C~ommon Name Size Lifespan Height Width Rooting. Planting Space Water Use .Folia~v...~ Form ~,,uwm ~=te
Quercus chrysolepis canyon live oak Large 8d 66 50 Deep i'~-r ...... ;'~w--' Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Ouercus coccinea Scarlet Oak Large 90 80 60 Deep 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Ouercus douglasii blue oak Medium 80 50 60 Deep 10 Very Low Deciduous Oval Moderale
Quercus durata leather oak Small 40 10 12 Deep 5 Very Low Evergreen Arborescenl Shrub Slow
Quercus emoryi Emory Oak Medium 90 50 40 Moderate 10 Low Evergreen- Rounded Moderate
Quercus engelmannii mesa oak Medium 100 50 75 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Umbrella Moderate
Quercus frainetto Hungarian Oak Very Large 100 100 70 Deep 20 Medium Deciduous Umbrella Fast
Quercus fusiformis Escarpment Live Oak Medium 80 40 40 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Quercus gambelii Gambel oak Medium 50 30 15 Deep 5 Low Deciduous Irregular Slow
Ouercus garryana Oregon oak Large 80 90 60 Intrusive 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Quercus ilex holly oak Large 80 60 60 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Quercus kellegg~ California black oak Large 100 80 80 Deep 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Quercus kelloggii X Q. wislizeni oracle oak Large 100 80 75 Deep 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Quercus Iobata valley oak Very Large 100 100 80 Deep 15 Very Low Deciduous Rounded Weeping Moderale
Quercus macrocarpa bur oak Large 90 75 60 Moderate 15 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Quercus muehlenberg, chinkapin oak Large 80 50 60 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Quercus palustris Pin Oak Large 90 80 40 Moderale 10 Medium Deciduous Pyrmidial Moderate
Quercus phellos willow oak Large 90 80 40 Moderale 10 Medium Deciduous Pyrmidial Moderate
Quercus phillyreoides Ubame oak Small 50 20 20 Moderate 5 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Quercus robur English oak Large 70 60 30 Moderale 10 Medium Deciduous Oval Fast
Quercus rubra Red Oak Large 90 70 50 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Fast
Quercus shumardii Shumard Oak Large 90 80 50 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Quercus suber cork oak Large 100 60 50 Deep 10 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Quercus tomentella island live oak Medium 60 40 40 Deep 10 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Quercus tufl:)inella desert scrub oak Small 50 10 10 Deep 5 Low Evergreen Rounded Slow
Quercus virginiaoa southern live oak Large 100 80 110 Deep 15 Medium Deciduous Oval Fast
Quercus wislizeni interior live oak Large 100 75 80 Deep 15 Very Low Evergreen Oval Moderate
Quillaja saponana soal:~Dark tree Medium 70 50 25 Moderate 15 Medium Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Rhus glabra soarlel sumac Small 30 20 10 Shallow 5 Low Deciduous Irregular Moderale
Sapium sebiferum Chinese tallow tree Medium 60 40 30 Moderate 5 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Schinus molle Peruvian pepper tree Medium 60 40 40 Shallow 10 Low Evergreen Oval Fast
Sciadepitys verticillata ~ Umbrella Pine Medium 70 40 25 Mo~iate 10 Medium Evergreen Pyrmidial Slow
Seq,,oia semperv~rens coast redwood Large 50 50 30 Shallow 20 High Evergreen Pyrmidial Moderate
Sequoia sempe~v,rens 'Aptos Blue' Aplos blue coast redwood Large 50 50 30 Shallow 20 High Evergreen Pyrmidial Moderate
Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra redwood Large 100 70 45 Moderate 20 Medium Evergreen Pyrmidial Slow
Sophora japonica Japanesse Pagoda Large 80 60 50 Moderate 10 Low Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Sophora secundiflora mescal bean Small 60 25 15 Deep 5 Low Evergreen Oval Slow
§orbu~ aria ~hite Beam Medium 60 45 30 Unknown 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Taxus baccata English Yew Medium 60 40 20 Moderate 5 Medium Evergreen Pyrmidial Moderale
Thuja plicata western red c ,eclat Large 70 60 50 Moderate 10 High Evergreen Pyrmidial Slow
Toona sinensis flamingo cedrela Large 60 50 30 Unknown 10 Unknown Deciduous Rounded Moderate
APPENDIX H
Botanical Name Common Name Size Lifespan Height Width Rooting Planting Space Water Use ..... Foliac =_ Form Grov.., n.~u
Torreya californica California nutmeg Small 50 20 15 Moderate ~ ' Medium Evergreen Pyrmidial Slow
UImus americana American Elm Large 100 100- 100 Moderate 20 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Large 80 60 70 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Oval Moderate
Ulmus pumilia Siberian Elm Large 80 50 40 Moderate 10 Low Deciduous Oval Moderate
Umbellularia califomica California bay Large 100 75 80 Moderate 15 Medium Evergreen Oval Moderate
~/itex agnus-casius chaste tree Small 40 25 20 Deep 10 Low Deciduous Oval Slow
Xylosma congestum Xylosma Small 50 10 10 Moderate 5 Low Evergreen Rounded Moderate
Zelkova serrata Japanese zelkova Medium 80 60 60 Moderate 10 Medium Deciduous Rounded Moderate
APPENDIX H
FORWARD ....................................................................
INTROOUCTiON ................................................................
THE SEVEN MEASURES OF AN Exc~t, FNT CiTY PARK SYSlTM
1. A clear expression of purpose ..............................................
2. Ongoing planning and community involvement .................................
3. Sufficient assets in land, staffing, and equipment to meet the system's goals ......... :~0
4. Equitable access .......................................................... 23
5. User satisfaction ......................................................... 26
6. Safety from physical hazards and crime ....................................... 28
7. Benefits for the city beyond the boundaries of the parks .......................... 3!
CONCLUSION .................................................................
APPENDICES ................................................................. 33
THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM
The Seven. Measures
of an
Excellent City Park System
Park systems do not just 'happen.' W'dd
areas don't automatically protect them-
selves from development, outmoded water-
fronts don't spontaneously sprout flowers
and promenades, and tlat ground doesn't
morph into ballfields. Even trees and flora
don't instinctively grow -- at least not
always in a pleasing, usable fashion.
The dtizemy must dearly set forth in
writing the purpose of the park system and
a mandate for the park depaltment. The
department must then use that mandate as
a springboard for its mission statement
and the definition of its core services. Most
big-city park agencies have a legislative
mandate and a mission statement, but
about 20 percent of them have not for-
mally defined their core service~ A failure
to develop this definition and to periodi-
cally check whether it is being followed
can lead to departmental drift due to polit-
ical, financial or administrative pressures.
On the other hand, having a strong con-
cept of mission and core services can stave
off pressures to drop activities or pick up
inappropriate tasl~.
For instance, in Chicago in the late
1980s, when newspaper exposes revealed
Chicago Park District, Mayor Richard M.
Claypool, to dean house. Under his phi-
losophy that every organization can do
only a few things really well, Claypool was
shocked to discover that the Chicago Park
T~E EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM ~ 1 5
District had 13 divisions, only one of mandate. I~ than haft of big-city agendes
KEY QUESTIONS which was called -Parks. O Going back to publish an armual report -- and most of
., the agency's mission statement, he priva- the reports provide 'soft' concepts and
fized much of the work, downsized to six images rather than precise information,
divisions, and decentralized. Within less such as number of activities hdd, number
than a decade, the Park District was widely of people served, and other specific out-
noticed for its excellence, comes and measurable benefits. Few agen-
Also, to inform the public the depart- cies give a comprehensive budge~/report,
ment should regularly publish an annual and fewer still look honestly at challenges
report summarizing its system and pro- that weren't adequately met and how they
grams and showing how well it fulfilled its could be better tackled in the future.
16 · THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM
To be successful, a city park system needs a 2001 in Nashville, Tenn., when Mayor BiU
master plan. Purcell initiated a year-long parks and green-
A plan is more than an 'intention.' It is a ways process, the first such citywide conver-
document built, upon a process, demonstrat- sation in the 100-year history of its parks.
lng a path of achievement, and expressing a Upon completion, resident support had
final outcome. The department's master been so solidified that the city council
plan should be substantiated thoroughly, enthusiastically funded a $35-million capi-
reviewed regularly, and updated every five tal spending plan, the largest Nashville park
years. The agency should have a robust, for- appropriation ever.
reality! community involvement mecha- Not every city will always have a mayor
nism -- which means more than posting who cares strongly about parks, but every
the document on a web page and hoping for park agency should have a formalized citi-
feedback. The ideal master plan should zen advisory board with which it meets reg-
have, at the least, the following dements: ularly. (See Append/x II.) Its members should
· an inventory of natural, recreational, be appointed by the mayor or the city coun- On SastUe~a Unllad I)a¥ al
historical and cultural resources cil, its sessions should be open to the public Caring, hundreds o~ a0q~erl-
· a needs analysis and its role should be to provide the agency flats 01va malfl~/ats Ih~ day
· an analysis of connectivity and gaps with constructive criticism, helpful advocacy, e# lo wafl~ on s,a# ama
· an analysis of the agency's ability to user feedback, and fresh planning ideas, proleds as Improving pada.
cany out its mandate While most park agencies have plans, too The atmblnatlat al plannin0
· an implementation strategy (with often they never reach fxuition because key and parilalpatlat helps maim
dates}, including a description of other elements are tromped by other agencies or lin Smfllle sydem ate d ~
park and re~eation providers' roles private interests. Visions of a new waterfront aatnltl~s bast
· a budget for both capital and operating
· a mechanism for annual evaluation of
the plan ~
Although five yea~ may seem a short
life.an for a plan, it is startling to ~
how rapidly urban drmm~tanc~ change. Ill
TPL's survey, about two-third of agencies
were operating oil out-of-date master plato
and ~ome were relying on plans formulated
10, 15 or more ~ ago -- back in the da~
before the ri-~e of comput~a'$ and geographic
information 8ystt-m~, not to mention dog
parks, mountain bike, ultimate f-dshee,
girls' so~ leagues, ~rateboard coum~ and
cancer survivor gardem, among other inno-
vations. (,~ at~n~ I.)
The ability of good planning to build
community support was demomtrated in
T H E E XC E L L E NT CITY PA RK SYSTEM, · I 7
park may be for naught if the transportation n°mic development, education and health,
department has its own designs on the same among other factors. Ideally the agencies
parcel. Any park plan (and its implementa- will reach agreement; if not, the issue should
tion strategy} Should be coordinated with go to the mayor or city council for resolu-
plans for neighborhoods, housing, tourism, tion -- with plenty of public involvement
transportation, water management, eco- and support from pro-park advocates.
18 · THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM
As confirmation of its involvement with
the community, the department should have
formal relationships with non-profit conser-
vation and se~vice-p~r~idez oq~nization~
These arrangements may or may not involve
the exchange of money, but they should be
explicitly written down and signed, with
dear expectations, accountability and a time
limit which requires regular renewal. Having
formal relationships not only enables a
highe~ level of service through public-pti- .
rate parmership, it also provides the agency
with stn~nger private-sector political support
if and when that is needed.
Finally, no dty can have a truly great park
'friends' groups -- private oqganizations
that ser~e aa both supporters and watchdog~
of the department. Ideally, a city will have
one or two organizations with a full city-
wide orientation, assuring that the system aa
a whole is well mn and successful, and also
scores of groups that focus on an individual
park and its surrounding neighborhood --
concentrating on enna3~ing from cleanli-
ness, safety and quality to programming
signage and spedal fundraising.
KEY QUESTIONS.
THE E XC E L L E NT CITY PA R K S Y S T E M · I 9
Obviously, a park system requires a land (constructed parks that are mowed or regu-
base_ But the size of that base is not an lady deaned up) than natural landscapes
immutable number., big-city systems range (those which are left alone, except for the
in size from almost 20 percent of a dty's occasional trail), it is valuable to know the
area down to 2.5 percent, and from more acreage split between these two categories.
than 45 acres per 1000 residents to just The TPL survey reveals a large range: some
over 3 acres per 1000. While there is no udoan park agencies have 100 percent
ordained 'optimum' size, a city's system designed lands and no natural propexties at
should be large enough to meet the goals all, while othem have as little as 10 percent
outlined in the agency's master plan. (See designed and 90 percent natural.
AOpend~ III and/E.) Newer systems in younger cities are gen-
Despite the truism 'ffyou don't mea- erally growing much faster than older sys-
sure, you can't manage,' many dties do not terns in mature, non-expandin8 cities, but it
have accurate figures on their systen~ It is is not true that older cities cannot increase
critical that evezy agency know the extent of the size of their park systems. In the past 30
its natural and historical resources -- land, yearn the amount of parkland in Denver
flora, buildings, artwork, waterways, paths, and Seattle grew by more than 44 percent
roads, and much more -- and have a plan each. Convexsely, some 'new dties ° have
Newly created Ping Tom Park to manage them suatainably. It is important been falling behind in the effort to add
c0aslats 0f five ama of green- to publish these numbers annually to track parkland -- Colorado Springs' system grew
spaee along the Cblenge Pa'var the growth (or shrinkage} of the system by 185 percent between 1970 and 2002,
la Chtcage~ park-p0er CIdna- over time. Ideally, the agency should be but the dry itself grew in area by 206 per-
lawn c0mmunlll/. AItheugb able to place a finandal value on its hold- cent during the same time.
land la expensive, the city ia ings and should have a plan to pay for Even cities which are considered 'all
pewedully ~emmllled t0 replacing every structure in the system, built out' can use redevelopment to
enlarglag ils pail system and Because it is so much more expensive to increase parkland. Outmoded facilities like
making II aceessibla te all. create and operate 'designed' landscapes dosed shipyards, underutilized rail depots,
abandoned factories, decommissioned mili-
n.
i tazy bases and filled landfills can be con-
~ vetted to pad<s. Sunken highways and
~ railroad tracks can be decked over with
% parkland. Denver even depaved its old air-
port to restore the original land eomoum
and create the dty's largest park
In New York, the Department of Parks
and Recreation collaborated with the
Department of Transportation to convert
2,008 asphalt traffic Mangles and paved
medians into 'greenstreets' -- pocket parks
and tree-lined malls that are then main-
rained by community residents and busi-
2 0 · THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM
neaspe~ons. In other cities, achool systems In addition to land, the park and recre-
and park departments are breaking down ation department needs sufficient public
historic bureaucratic barriers and signing revenue for land management and pro-
joint uae agreements to make schoolyard grams. This entails both an adequate oper-
fields available for neighborhood use after ating budget and a regular infusion of
school hours, capital funds for maior construction and
THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM · 21
' this should be considered a minimum.
KEY QUESTIONS Moreover, there should be an effective,
complementazy private fundraising effort --
one that serves not only signature parks but
also the whole system. Although private
eft'om should never be designed to let the
local government 'off the hook,' they can
be valuable in undertaking monumental
projects or in raising work to levels of
beauty and extravagance that government
on its own can not afford. Pt4vate cam-
paigns are also effective in mobilizing the
generosity of Corporations, foundations,
and wealthy' individu:~ls which otherwise
would not con~ibute to government agen-
Excellent park departments not only
receive adequate funding, but also spend
their money wisely and commit themselves
to effective stewardship. Outstanding stew-
ard.~hip means having enough qualified.
natural resources professionals to properly
~ the system and manage the work of
pruners, mowers, and other laborers. More-
ovez, since a system rarely has enough paid
staffto accomplish all its goals, the excel-
lent department has a high-visibility, citi-
zen-fi'iendly marketing program whereby
members of the public can understand the
stewardship of the system and become
Finally, park departments must track
repairs and land acquisition. A detailed mr- their expenditures accurately and be able to
vey of the 55 biggest cities showed that, in report them to the public usefully and
fiscal year 2000, the °adjusted park budget' understandably. Most agencies have the raw
-- the amount spem by each city on parks information but too many of them do not
operations and capital, minus everything provide it; numbers are either difficult for
spent on such big-ticket items as zoos, muse- politicians, reponem and the general public
urns, aquariums or planetariums -- came to to get hold of, or the statistics are put forth
an average of $80 per resident. ~Se~ Append~ incomprehensibly.
V.) While that figure is probably not high
enough -- considering that eve~ system is
millions or billions of dollars behind its
needs -- it is certain tha~, in current doUars,
22 · THE EXCELLENT' CITY PARK SYSTEM
]he excellent city park system is accessible
to everyone regardless of residence, physical
abilities or financial resources. Parks should
be easily reachable from every neighbor-
hood, usable by the handicapped and chal-
lenged, and ax~ilable to low-income
residents.
Moat cities have one or more very large
unspoiled natural area~. By virtue of topog-
raphy- mountain, wetland, canyon,
stn~am valley -- they are not, of comae,
equidistant from all dry residenta. But
created parka- squares, plazas, play-
grounds, neighborhood parks, ballfielda,
linear greenway~ ~ should be sited in such
a way that every neighborhood and every
resident is equitably served.
Preferably, people and parks are no far-
ther than 10 minutes apart by foot in dense
areas or 10 minutes apart by bicycle in
spread-out sections. Moreove~ it is not
enough to measure access purely fi.om a
map; plaunem must take into account such
significant physical harriem as uncro~able
high~w~, meam.~ and railroad corridom, or
heavily-trafficked roads. Also, the standard
for acceptable d~tance shouldn't be ba~'d
on an idealized healthy adult, but rather on
a 8enior with a cane, a mother puahing a
stmlle~ or an eight-year-old riding a bicycle.
Unfortunately, most citiea do not provide
this kind of park equity. Loa Angeles baa
abundant parkland in it~ mountainous
middle but predoua little in the crowded
south-central section. New York h~ vaat
acreage in Staten Ialand and the Bronx but a
dearth ofgreempa~ in Brooklyn. And most
cities haven't accurately analyzed which of
their residents are far fi.om parl~.
Cities should also asaure park acce~ by a
wide range of challenged pemons, including
the elderly, infirm, blind and those con-
THE EXCELLENT (~ I T V PARK SYSTEM · 23
fined to wheelchairs. This includes appro- While it is acceptable to charge appropriate
pilate surfacing materials, ramps, signs and fees for some park facilities and programs,
handicapped parking. The best way of agencies should consciously plan for the
achieving this goal is through the creation approximately 20 percent of residents whO
of a Disability Advisory Committee which cannot afford such fees, utilizing such alter-
meets regularly. (S~ ~/x VII.) natives as scholarships, fee-free hours, fee-
Finally, agencies must assure equitable free days, or sweat-equity volunteer worlc
access for those who can't pay full price. (See Appendix VIII.)
24 · THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM
By using computer mapping, Denver park plannms can pinpeinl every residence that
b more than six walkable blocks from a park-- and utilize that Inforflmtloo to plan new
~ :~'~" , ~ Uie ~lx-bl~k
',. ~,~ DeI~. ~ , ol ~ 8nd RecreationS.
THE E X G E L L E NT CITY PARK SYSTEM
I~r definition, the outstanding dty park sys- instance, the transportation department,
tem is well used. Having high usership is the school system or the welfare depart-
the ultimate validation that it is attractive meat, all of which can make a strong fac-
and that it meets people's needs. High tual case justifying their budget requests.
attendance also increases safety because of As for satisfaction, most agencies rely on
more 'eyes on the park.' informal feedback such as letters of corn-
Knowing the level of park use requires plaint or messages relayed back by the
measuring it, not only for an estimate of a staff. This is unbalanced and ineffective,
gross total but also to know users by loca- and does not provide the agency with dear
tion, by time of day, by activity and by direction. It therefore tends to result in a
demographic~ And finding out the satisfac- park system that meets the effu:iency needs
tion level requires asking questions -- not
only of users but of non-users as well. Fur- gl~¥ (11J1~$1'10115
thermore, to spot trends, these efforts must
be carried out on a recurring sdentific
basis.
The Trust for Public Land found that an
overwhelming number of city park agencies
are unaware of their total usership. Not
having this number severely reduces an
agency's ability to budget and to effectively
They/a~haopy-bla bas request funding from the city council. Most
anyone surveyed them? departments can track their paying users --
Or their pamnls? Or their golfers playing rounds, swimmers using
neigbbms whe never go Inle pools, teams renting fields. But this is only
the park?. Could the pa~k be a tiny fraction of the true total. The lack of of the provider rather than the comfort
ewn belier? basic information is in stark contrast to, for needs of the user. (Most infamously; many
agencies 'solve' the problem of dirty bath-
~ rooms not by cleaning but by peamanently
' . ~ locking them.)
q
Naturally, it is not possible to accurately
[ count all passive usen of a system. How-
ever, observation, selective counts, and
extrapolations -- repeated over time -- can
provide meaningful data. Chicago takes aer-
ial photos of large events and then uses a
grid to count participants, The city also sets
up eleoxonic counten to measure the num-
ber of users passing a given point.
26 · THE EXCELLENT C I T.Y PARK SYSTEM
THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM
I
1'o be succ~ful, a city park system should storeyed agrmdes currently collec~ this data
be safe, free both of crime and of unreason- and, of those that do, most have no su-ategy
able physical ba~rds -- from sidewalk pot- to use the informatlon.(&~ Appendix
holes to rouen branches overhead. Park Another valuable piece Of information is
departments should have mechanisms to the ratio of male to female users in each
avoid and eliminate physical hazards as park since a low rate of female users is a
well as ways for dtizens to easily report very strong indication of a park which feels
problems, unsafe.
Crime, of course, is dependent on a large
number of factors that are beyond the reach It I~ ¥ I1 I~ E $1' 10 !1 $
of the park and recreation department --
poverty, (krug and alcohol use, population
demographics, lack of stabilizing neighbor-
hood institutions. But there are other fac-
tors w park location, park design, presence
of uniformed personnel, presence of park
amenities, availability of youth program-
ming w over which the deparunent has
some control. Llltimately the greatest deter-
rent is the presence of large numbers of
Park visitors are also reassured if they see
uniformed employees. Even if the number
of actual police or rangers is quite small
and their rounds infrequent, the perception
of order and agency responsibility can be
extended simply by dressing all park work-
ers and outdoor maintenance staff in mai-
$imilatht, well-nm youth recreation pro-
grams have been shown to decrease delin-
quency and vandalism. The excellent park
system takes it even farther by tracking
y~uth crime by neighborhood over time.
Having hard numbexs is the only way to
know if targeted programs are having suc-
cor8.
Basic to any safety strategy is the accu-
rate, regular collection of crime data in
parks and, preferably, near parks, since
parks and their surrounding neighborhoods
are interrelated. Only about half the
28 e THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM
T H E E XCEL L E NT CITY PARK SYSTEM · 2 9
30 · THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK S Y S T E U
]~he value of a park system extends beyond media, the tourism and real estate indus-
the boundaries of the parks themselves. In tries, and even the mayor's office at budget
fact, the excellent dry park system is a form time. Unfortunately, few agendes maintain
of natural infrastructure that provides many this economic database.
goods for the dty as a whole:
· deaner air, as trees and vegetation filter
out pollutants by day and produce
oxygen by night
· cleaner wat~ aa mots trap silt and
contaminants before they flow into
streams, rivers and lakes;
· reduced health costs from sedentaxy
syndromes such as obesity and diabetes,
thanks to walking and running trails,
sports fields, recreation centem bike-
ways, golf courses, .and other opportuni-
ties for physical fitness;
· improved learning opportunities from
'outdoor classrooms' in forests, mead-
ows, wetlands and even recovering
brownfidds and greyiields (previously
used tracts);
· increased urban tourism based on
attractive, successful parks, with result-
ing increased commerce and sales tax
re¥~rlue;
· increased business vitality based on
employ~ and employee attraction to
quality parks; and
· natural beauty and respite from traffic
and noise_
While each individual factor may be too
parks have been shown to increase the prop-
erty value of residences up to a radius of
about two-fifths of a mile. (Of course, trou-
bled parks can have the opposite result.) The
sophisticated park agency regularly collects
financial data (or contracts with a univenity
other entity} in order to kno ,h ch of
its pa~s are positively impacting the sur , ........· ....' .... ........ '.'
rounding neighborhood. It also informs the
THE EXCELLENT CITY PARK SYSTEM
City parka do not exist in a vacuum Every
dty is a complex and intricate interplay
between the private space of homes and
offices, the semi-public spaces of shops, and
the fully public space of parka, plazas,
sueem, preserves and natural area~ ~ne Trust
for Public Land envisions park systems
which em'ich cities, and cities which nourish
their pazks.
By reporting factual data and highlighting
some of the excellent practices essential to
city park management 'ITL hopes to set both
a benchmark (an average standard that has
been achieved by the big cities) and a high-
level goal (some of the best models that
have been established thus far).
The Trust for Public Land is committed
to the ongoing evolution of city
parka. We seek to expand the
number of cities measured as
well as explore additional
indicatom on the status of
park systems. We believe that
the combination of hard data
and the heartfelt motivation of
park dizectors and citizen advo-
cates will lead to a renewed appre-
ciation of the importance of city parks
by mayon, city councils, business leaders
and the population as a whole. Such appre-
ciation will create better park systems within
the full urban revitalization program.
To rer~ addigional information or to share
Peter Hamik
The Trust for Public Land
660 Penns),lvania A~ S.E.
Washington, D.C. 20003
202-543-7552
32 m THE E X G E L L E N T CITY PARK SYSTEM
APPENDIX III
ACRES DF PARKLAND IN THE CITY, PER 1000 RESIDENTS
(Cides Grouped by Population D~sity)
CITY POPULA'IION ALL PARKLAND* ACRES PER
(ACRES) lDO0 PERSONS
High PopelatJon Density Cities
Boslon 589,000 5,451 9.3
Philadelphia 1,518,000 10,621 7.0
New York 8,008,000 36,646 4.6
Miami 362,000 1,138 3.1
Avgtap, High Oofl~ty Cities g.O
Medi~m41ip Popelalion Demity Cities
Portland, Ore_ 529,000 12,959 24.5
DalLa~ 1,189,000 21,670 18.2
Seattle 563,000 6,024 10.7
Sacramento 407,000 3,694 9.1
'lbledo 314,000 2,206 7.0
Clevelamt 478,000 2,884 6.0
Fresno 428,000 1,323 3.1
Average, Mmliam-IGgh Density Cities 12.2
Medbm-L0w Popelation Deesity Ciflon
Albuquerque 449,000 17,746 39.5
Phoenix 1,321,000 36,944 28.0
Fort Worth 535,000 10,554 19.7
Memphi~~ 650,000 10,490 16.1
Columbus 711,000 8,494 11.9
Houston 1,954,000 21,252 10.9
Atlanta 416,000 3,235 7.8
Tucson 487,000 3,175 6.5
Avefap, Medi,,m-lam Densit~ Cities 19.1
I. em Population Density Cition
Oldahoma
Virginia i:~:~V-h 425,b00 Li,,~5-8-- ' ' 2-~6'-.~
Honolulu/Honolulu County 876,000 17,538 20.0
. __,._ .....
Average, lam Deesit) Cities 30.9
.aLL ~,-ILII~_~
· N0nc 'All Parldand' includes all pa.,'m and pres,:,,,~ owned by munidpal, count, metropolitan, state and
federal agencies within the boundary of the city.
THE EXCELLENT CITY PARE SYSTEM 0 37
APPENDIX IV
PERCENT OF CITY LAND AREA DEVOTED TO PARKS
{Cities Grouped blt Population Density)
cnv CtTY JmEA (ACaES) ALL PJUUU. ANO PAra(LAm) AS
ill CiTY (ACRES)* PERC~IIT OF CITY AREA
High Pepalation Oeesity Cities
39,297 7,576 19.3
Boslon 30,992 5,451 17.6
Philadelphia 86,456 10,621 ~ 12.3
Oakland 35,875 3,822 10.7
Long ~ 32,281 2,792 8.6
ildi:~ml 22,830 1,138 5.0
Average, Hilb Oe~ity Cikles 13.1%
MediBm-High PepBlation Oensity Cities
Portland, Om. 85,964 12,959 15.1
Seal~le 53,677 6,024 11.2
St. Louis 39,630 3,385 8.5
Las Vegas 72,514 5,416 7.5
Detroit 88,810 5,890 6.6
Sacramento 62,180 3,694 5.9
'lbledo 51,597 2,206 4.3
Fresno 66,791 1,323 2.0
A~mfage, Mediam-High Den~ty Cities 8.4%
Medi,,m4.0w IMpulation 9ensity Cities
Albuquerque 115,608 17,746 15.4
Phoenix 303,90/ 36,944 12.2
Colorado Spfing~ 118,874 10,150 8.5
San Antonio 260,832 16,503 6.3
Tulsa 11 6,891 7,110 6.1
Louisarille/Jt:ffg~son 246,400 14,209 5.8'
Fort WoC& 187,222 10,554 5.6
Tampa 71,720 3,408 4.8
Afl:~nta 84,316 3,235 3.8
Tucson 124,588 3,175 2.5
A~rage, Mediam-Lew Demity Cities 7.5%
Law Pep~latien Oeesit~ Cities
Virginia Beach 158,903 11,258 7.1
Ch:~dotte/Meddenburg 337,280 16,472 4.9
Oldahoma City 388,463 14,684 3.8
i?-~ ' NOTE: 'All Pafldand' includes ali parks and preSe~es owned by municipal, county, metropolitan, state and federal
~:~, ~.~,,~ agenci~ within ',he boundar~r oflhe ci~.
~' PUBLIC STATEMENTS SPEAKER'S CARD
Plannin,q and Development
Committee of the City Council / /
Committee Meeting Date ~-~/~/Z~'
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that is listed on the Committee Agenda.
Public statements are limited to three (3) minutes per speaker. The Committee may,
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gathers information and reports back to the City Council. ,
Please fill out a Speaker's Card and present it to the Committee Chair:
Vice-Mayor David Couch
Name: ~ ~---~,..~,..,-o~__. ~._
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Subject:
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Planning and Development
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by simple majority vote, waive the time limit. No action will be taken; this Committee
gathers information and reports back to the City Council.
Please fill out a Speaker's Card and present it to the Committee Chair:
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Name: //~/l ~/~'-~{ ;~/,~/t/'_~'./..~/~ ~
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Organization: ~)~ ~.
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Phone: ~/~ ~ F~e-mail:.
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gathers information and reports back to the City Council.
Please fill out a Speaker's Card and present it to the Committee Chair:
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Subject: ~--"~,'~ '~'~ --' .,~.~. ~, ~ ~' ~..'~" ~.~.._
PUBLIC STATEMENTS SPEAKER'S CARD
Planninq and Development
Committee of the City Council
Committee Meeting Date
You are invited to address the Committee under Public Statements on any subject
that is listed on the Committee Agenda.
Public statements are limited to three (3) minutes per speaker. The Committee may,
by simple majority vote, waive the time limit. No action will be taken; this Committee
gathers information and reports back to the City Council.
Please fill out a Speaker's Card and present it to the Committee Chair:
Vice-Mayor David Couch
~1... ~.~,,,u.~,, - ~
Name: ~, t'~/~ 28151~Cr~tal)r E
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ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council . ~:~:'RPVED
FROM: Development Services- Planning- DEPARTMENT HEAD
DATE:
CITY MANAGER
SUBJECT: Planning and Development Committee Report Concerning Air Pollution Mitigation
RECOMMENDATION:
The Planning and Development Committee recommends that a voluntary program to reduce
subdivision air impacts to zero be proposed to see if that would break the litigation cycle.
BACKGROUND:
The Planning and Development Committee has been considering the City's role in. addressing air
pollution, the evolving regulations of the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District
(SJVAPCD) especially with respect to indirect sources, and the Sierra Club's concern over air
pollution resulting from subdivisions.
The city has a commitment to improving our air quality. The Bakersfield Metropolitan General Plan
contains at least thirty-seven policies which directly relate to air quality. Seventeen are relevant to-
the matter before us. In addition, the City Council adopted ResolutiOn No. 22-04 agreeing to
implement transportation control measures of the Extreme Area Ozone Plan'. Four' of those
measures could be related to project mitigation. The city fullY utilizes the SJVAPCD's "Guide for
.Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts" (GAMAQI) and "URBEMIS 2002" program for
calculating emissions of proposed projects.
The SJVAPCD has promulgated indireCt source rules and. is developing an air quality impabt fee.
Indirect source regulation is a way to shift the burden of reducing direct source pollution (i.e.
vehicles) to projects where' vehicles go, like homes, offices, stores, etc. As the city involves itself
more in air pollution mitigation, it is important that we be closely coordinated with the air pollution
control district-so that whatever we do it is complimentary to the district's requirements and that our
local efforts are recognized and given credit towards implementation of SJVAPCD's programs and
fees.
Also, the Sierra Club has sued (but settled, before trial) several subdividers whose projects were
below significant levels of pollution. The threshold, of significance for air pollutants is ten tons per
year. Most Of the subdivisions have shown that they would not exceed the threshold. Those that
were anticipated to exceed the threshold have agreed to mitigation measures which would result in
less than ten tons per year net increase. Depending on the mitigation measures selected, the
costs would range' between $370 and $1400 per dwelling unit. It has been suggested that
mitigation of projects to zero net pollution would put an endto that litigation. Our initial thought was
that an air impact fee imposed, on all new homes might be the answer. The fee would be uniformly
applied on a per unit basis to each new residence and it would-be used to. mitigate residential
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT Page2
development's impacts on air quality. Although simple for the builders, that approach was found to
be very complex for the city to establish and. manage. AdOption of a standard in. excess of the air
pollution control, district's would have to be justified, mitigation projects and their costs would need
to be identified and their efficiency documented. A small bureaucracy would be organized, to run
the program and the burden of actual mitigation would be shifted from the builders to the city.
However, the city is limited in its jurisdiction over mitigation projects. It would' take an extended
period of time and expense to implement.
Another approach which the committee suggests as more immediately available would involve
voluntary participation in a mitigation program. A project proponent could, include mitigation
measureS to reduce pollution below the minimum standards as a part of the application for
approval to develop. They might include such things as:
1. Intersection improvements, e.g. new signals.
2. Traffic signal synchronization.
3. Buy and crush older vehicles to eliminate emissions from olderl less emissions efficient
vehicles.
4. Provide new or modify stationary diesel engines in agricultural or other industrials uses.
5. Provide new or modify existing fleet vehicles or other mobile sources for private and public
· institutions and organizations.
6. Provide new or modify fleet vehicles with, alternative fuel engines, e.g., CNG- (Compressed
Natural Gas).
7. Trees, depending on type.
8--; New or modified engines for off-road heavy-duty vehicles.
This list maybe augmented or items deleted depending on feasibility and comments by the Sierra
Club, subdividers and others interested in air quality.
The city would facilitate this program by providing a list of example mitigations to choose from. The
city would: have a specific list of mitigation 'measures which would involve our participation such as
fleet and equipment conversion to less polluting fuels, the emission reductions and' the cost. The
advantages of. this approach are that:
1'.. It would be available very quickly.
2. It would be directly effective in pollution reduction.
3. Participation would be voluntary,
4. It could be quickly adjusted' to take intoaccount future requirements for SJVAPCD.
· This pilot program could serve as a bridge to a more comprehensive approach to air. pollution
mitigation. The City and air diStrict may work out a fee system based on further study and possible
expansion of this.
IT IS' RECOMMENDED THAT:
1. City Council receive this report and approve presentation of the voluntary approach and
city's participation in-providing mitigation projects to reduce air pollutiOn to the Sierra Club
as a way to resolve its concerns about air pollution from. subdivisions. If the Sierra-Club
would be agreeable to this approach, staff would proceed to formalize, a-Program.
JH
Admin~may~5-12-apcd
Agenda Highlights
May 12, 2004
Page 4
are.working on alternative pole designs and technology to justify exceeding ~the restrictions imposed by the
Planning Commission. The alternative pole designs and technology will be presented to the City Council
during the hearing scheduled for May 12, 2004. If the appeal is denied, the subject conditions would remain
unchanged.
REPORTS
Item 14a.. Planninq and 'Development Committee Report Concerninq Air Pollution Mitiqation. The Planning
and Development Committee has been considering the City's role in addressing air pollution, the evolving
regulations of the San jOaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD)'especially with respect to
indirect sources, and the Sierra Club's concern-over air pollution resulting from subdivisions. One approach
which the Committee recommends would involve voluntary .participatiOn in a mitigation program. A project
proponent could include mitigation measures to 'reduCe pollution below the minimum standards as a part of
the application for approval to develop. They might include such thingSas: 1) Intersection improvements,
e.g. new signals; 2) Traffic signal synchronization; and 3) Buy and crush older vehicles to eliminate
emissions from older, less emissions efficient vehicles. The City would facilitate this program by providing a
list of example mitigations to choose from. The City would have a specific list of mitigation measures which
would involve our participation such as fleet and equipment conversion to less polluting fuels, the emission
reductions and the cost.
At 'this point in time, the proposal is being treated as an idea to raise. If it would break the litigation cycle
with the Sierra Club, it would be formalized.
Approved:
Alan Tandy
City Manager
cc: Department Heads
City Clerk's Office
News Media File
B A K E R S F I E L D
MEMORANDUM
JANUARY 7, 2003
TO: PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
FROM: JACK HARDISTY, DEVELOPMENT SERVICES DIR~
SUBJECT: COST PER DWELLING UNIT FOR "O EMISSIONS" ~
At our last meeting staff was asked to calculate the cost per dwelling unit for a developer who was
below the threshold of significance (10 tons/year) to effect a zero emissions increase as a result of a
project. The cost would depend upon the availability of pollution reduction projects and which ones
the developer might choose.
For example, an air quality analysis might show a typical subdivision of 121 lots would produce 3.3
tons/year ROG, 3.23 tons/year NOx 26.68 tons/year CO, 0.14 tons/year PM,0 and 0.01 tons/year
SOx. To off-set the 3.3 tons/year ROG and 3.23 tons/year NOx, the subdivider might choose one of
'the following options:
COST COST/du
Traffic Signal Coordination $ 44,535 $ 368
Loaders (new engines) 78,659 650
Trip Reduction Program 169,183 1,398
Vanpool Subsidy 64,211 531
CNG Bus 74,443 615
It would seem that a subdivider or developer could feasibly remove increased air pollution as a point
of contention over project approval. That could be done by including the measures to off-set pollution
in the application for approval.
To the extent that air quality improvement projects would be city-controlled (eg. traffic signals,
intersection imp¢ovements, fleet conversion, landscaping) it is recommended that the city work wi[h
the builders to off-set the air quality impacts of construction which cannot be addressed on-site. And,
since this option is being considered as a resolution to the Sierra Club's concerns over the potential
~ir pollution of subdivisions it is recommended that we begin this program conditioned on the 'siet'ra
Club's agreement not to litigate projects participating in the enhanced air pollution mitigation program.
JH:pjt
m\mair
/
B A K E R S F I E L D
MEMORANDUM
TO: ALAN TANDY, CITY MANAGER E/
FROM: JACK HARDISTY, DEVELOPMENT SERVICES DIR
DATE: April 30, 2004 ·
SUBJECT: CELLULAR TOWER CAMOULFAGE
Council Referral No. REF000753
COUNCILMEMBER COUCH REQUESTED STAFF INVESTIGATE AND BRING BACK A
REPORT WITH RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING POSSIBLE UPGRADE AND
CAMOUFLAGE OF'CELLULAR TOWERS.
The Development and Planning Committee reviewed the issue of cell tower camouflage
and spacing on April 26, 2004. It was determined that adoption of an ordinance
regulating the appearance of cell towers would be consistent with the county's treatment
of'them, be in compliance with federal law and be an improvement for the_ city. Staff has
been direoted to draft an ordinance for consideration.
JH:djl
P:\CCReferral\Ref753.doc
I
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council APPROVED
FROM: Development Services - Planning DEPARTMENT HEAD
· DATE: April 2, 2004 CITY ATTORNEY
CITY MANAGER
SUBJECT: Resolution in support of improving regulations relative to group homes. (All wards)
RECOMMENDATION:
Staff recommends adoption of. resolution and distribution to our State representatives.
BACKGROUND:
This draft resolution would encourage legislation to require:
1. Notification of cities and counties of the licensing, location and clientele of all group homes.
2. Strict standards of counseling and supervision of clients in group homes.
3. Enforcement of those standards and prosecution for violating them.
4. Frequent unscheduled inspections of facilities and reviews of their programs.
5. Separation of all group homes from each other by at least 1,320 feet.
6. That the owner of the group home be the resident occupant/operator of the group home.
7. That they not be concentrated in a community-and if a community is impacted by a
concentration of group homes no more should be allowed without city approval.
This matter is presented to the Council for consideration because of recent complaints about group
homes within the city, news stories statewide about problems with group homes and a desire by at
least one Councilman to discuss group hOme issues.
Group homes for six or fewer clients are statutorily classified as a residential use by the State of
California. They may not be subjected tO any regulation not applicable to other single family
residential uses even though they have certain business and institutional characteristics. They
house a variety of clientele including drug and/or alcohol abusers, juvenile sex offenders and
others with problems requiring counseling and supervision. We hear about them from time-to-time
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT Page2
as questions or complaints from neighbors and news stories. Because of their protected status the
city is not notified of their presence by the State. Upon last inquiry to the State Department of
Social Services about 150 of their licensed facilities were found scattered about the city. The State
~Department of Alcohol and Drugs is much less cooperative in giving information about its facilities
so how many there are here is unknown. However, based on the affordability of housing in the
· Central Valley and news stories about group homes in other communities it seems businesses that
operate and provide the care and shelter for group homes are gravitating to our area.'
Our experience is that neighbors are often concerned about the establishment of group homes
because they are not informed of the type of clients being moved in - whether they are criminals or
individuals who need a bit of help. There have been complaints about unreasonable volumes of
traffic, inconsiderate behavior of staff, poor supervision by staff, loitering by clients and poor
supervision by State agencies. Of course, little or nothing is known of the well-managed facilities.
Past efforts to have cities more involved in regulation or siting of group homes have been defeated
but in hopes that the legislature will become more conscious of some of the problems of group
homes, staff offers the attached resolution for consideration.
JH:pjt
Admin\apr~4-14-gh
RESOLUTION NO.
RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL
OF BAKERSFIELD IN SUPPORT
OF IMPROVING REGULATIONS
RELATIVE TO GROUP HOMES.
WHEREAS, concerns about group homes have been received from neighbors over the
past several years; and
WHEREAS, knowledge of the group home's presence and clientele would provide a
basis of understanding by neighbors; 'and
WHEREAS, the provision of group homes and Client care is a form of business.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City council of Bakersfield does
hereby support legislation which would require:
1. Notification of cities' and counties of the licensing, location and clientele of all
group homes.
2. Strict standards of counseling and supervision of clients in group homes.
3. Enforcement of those standards and prosecution for violating them.
4. Frequent unscheduled inspections of facilities and reviews of their programs.
5. Separation of all group homes from each other by at least 1,320 feet.
6. That the owner of the group home be the resident, occupant and operator of the
group home.
7. Standards of over concentration of group homes shall be adopted which could
only be exceeded by approval of the local jurisdiction.
8. A centralized registry of all group homes for information about them should be
established.
.... o0o--~
I HEREBY CERTIFY that the foregoing Resolution was passed and adopted, by
the Council of the City of Bakersfield at a regular meeting thereof held on
by the following vote:
· AYES: COUNCILMEMBER COUCH, CARSON, BENHAM, MAGGARD, HANSON, SULLIVAN, SALVAGGIO
NOES: COUNCLMEMBE~
ABSTAIN: COUNCLMEMBER.
ABSENT: COUNClLMEMBER
PAMELA A. McCARTHY, CMC
CITY CLERK and Ex Officio Clerk of the
Council of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED
HARVEY L. HALL
Mayor of the City of Bakersfield
APPROVED as to form
VIRGINIA GENNARO
City Attorney
By:
JH:pjt
p\res-gh
From: Trudy Slater
" To: Parks, Jean
Date: 3/2/2004 11:28:52 AM
Subject: Fwd: RE: P&D Meeting
Jean, please proceed. Thanks, Trudy
>>> John W. Stinson 3/2/2004 11:27:13 AM >>>
Please proceed and have her schedule the meeting per David's request.
>>> Trudy Slater 3/2/2004 11:06:37 AM >>>
John, do you want Jean to schedule, etc.? -Trudy
>>> "Couch, David R [PVTC]" < david.r.couch @smithbarne¥.com > 3/2/2004 11:04:22 AM >>>
the sooner, the better, let's do 4/26 at 1pm if possible and resched/cancel
the 5/3 meeting.
> From: Trudy Slater[SMTP:Tslater@ci.bakersfield.ca.us]
> Sent: Tuesday, March 02, 2004 10:37 AM
> To: Couch, David R [PVTC]
> Subject: P&D Meeting
> David, Sue and Mike are both available for a P&D meeting on April 26 at
> 1:00 p.m. The downside to that is there is a meeting scheduled for the
> following Monday (May 3).
> Do you want to schedule a P&D meeting for April 26?
> Secondarily, if you want to schedule for April 26, do you want to
> consider skipping the May meeting (May 3) and catching back up in June
> (scheduled for June 14)?
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BAKERSFIELD
CALIFORNIA
February 13, 2004
CITY COUNCIL
Harvey L. Hall
Mayor Mr. David McArthur, General Manager
North Bakersfield Recreation and Park District
DavidCouch 405 Galaxy Avenue
Vice. Mayor Bakersfield, CA 93308
Ward4
IrmaCarson Dear Mr. McArthur:
Ward l
I am writing to inform you that the City Council has referred your letter, dated
SusanM. Benham February 3, requesting that all parks located in North Bakersfield Recreation
Ward2 and Park District boundaries that are within the City of Bakersfield be zoned
MJkeMa~ard RE (Recreation) instead of OS (Open Space) to the. Planning and
w,~r3 Development Committee for review and consideration.
HaroldW. Hanson You will be contacted by staff to discuss your proposal, and you will be
Ward5 notified when this issue is scheduled for review by the Pianning and
Jacquie Sullivan Development Committee at a future meeting.
Ward 6
I look forward to reviewing this matter with you and the members of the
Mark Salvagsio Planning and Development Committee.
Ward 7
Sincerely,
David Couch
Vice-Mayor
cc: Alan Tandy, City Manager
John W. Stinson, Assistant City Manager
1501 Truxtun Avenue · Bakersfield, California 93301 · (661) 326-3767 · Fax (661) 323-3780
ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT
I MEETING DATE: February 11, 2004 I AGENDA SECTION: Consent Calendar
I
ITEM: L~.2.
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Council APPROVED
FROM: John W. Stinson, Assistant City Manager DEPARTMENT HEAD F'~
DATE: January 30, 2004 CITY ATTORNEY ~,Y~' ~
CITY MANAGER ~
SUBJECT: Request from North BakerSfield Recreation and Park District to change zoning 'of parks
within the district from OS (Open Space) to RE (Recreation) (l~a~-d 4)
RECOMMENDATION: Staff recommends referral to Planning and Development Committee.
BACKGROUND: The North Bakersfield Recreation and Park District has made a request that the City
consider changing the zoning all parks located within the district from OS (Open Space) to RE
(Recreation). They feel the Recreation zoning better defines the parks and park uses. Staff from the
district appeared at the February 2nd Planning and Development Committee meeting and requested that
the Committee review their proposal. Staff is reviewing their request to determine if there are any issues
or concerns related to the proposed change. Staff recommends referral to the Planning and Development
Committee.
February 4, 2004, 8:28AM
S:~Admin Rpts~.004\Park Zoning 021104.dot
JWS:al
Page 1
North Bakersfield Recreation & Park District
405 Galaxy Avenue, Bakersfield, California 93308 (661) 392-2000
I II Illl I .........
February 3~ 200~
David Couch, Chair
Planning and Development Commltiee of the City Council
1501 Tmxtun Av~
City of Bakersfield
Bakersfield, CA 93301
Dear Mr. Couch:
Please consider our request that all parks located in North Bakersfield Recreation
and Park District boundaries, that are also located in the City of Bakersfield, be
.zoned RE (Recreation) instead of OS (Open Space).
Most of the uses and facilities planned for District parks are bett~r defined with RE
zoning than with OS zoning, and if a park site were to be developed at a more
passive level, it would s.~ll be compatible with the RE zone.
Thank you for your attention to this request. Either Colon Bywat~rr or myself will
be available for further information or questions.
~ncerely,
David Mc3a'thur
General Manager
DM/eb
B A K E R S F I E L D
MEMORANDUM
January 29, 2004
TO: Jack Hardisty, Development Services Director
FROM: ~ Stanley C. Grady, Planning Director
SUBJECT: Proposed Options toAddress Challenges to Air Quality Analysis
Appeals to the approval of tentative tract and parcel maps based on CEQA challenges
have resulted in the establishment of a false policy precedent. Settlements and agreements
between the Sierra Club and developers have done nothing to settle the Sierra Club's
perception that there is something wrong with the environmental review process.
I believe the City needs to take steps to regain control of the application of mitigation
measures to development projects through the implementation of CEQA. We should apply
CEQA in a manner that strengthens our findings regarding air quality impacts and creates a
strong record of our decision making process.
In an effort to move towards a solution to the dilemma, I have the following
recommendations:
1. Project level EIR's
2. Mitigation to zero
3. Supplemental/Subsequent EIR
1. Proiect Environmental Impact Reports
The Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan EIR addressed potential environmental
impacts that could result from build out of the plan. Air quality was found to be
significant and unavoidable based on the valley being non-attainment for ozone
precursors. Prior to Communities for a Better Environment vs. California Resources
Agency the statement of overriding considerations adopted in a general plan program
EIR could be applied at the project level environmental review. The intent being that for
significant unavoidable impacts CEQA was met with the general plan EIR. CEQA was
complied with because the public was advised through a series of hearings that
development under the general plan was desirable even with significant unavoidable
impacts. The courts disagreed with CEQA guidelines that allow tiering.
Now, any project consistent with the general plan and containing the same unavoidable
impacts must make a new separate finding and statement of overriding consideration.
To do this a Project level EIR would be required.
Jack Hardisty
Janua~ 29,2004
Page 2
To determine if a project level EIR would be required, an initial study would be prepared.
If no significant unmitigated impacts were determined, a negative declaration could be
filed. If not, an EIR would be required.
Our current practice has been to mitigate air quality impacts to a level less that
significant as defined by the San Joaqui,n Valley Air Pollution Control District (APCD).
This applieSto the Districts project and cumulative impact thresholds. This process has
been challenged by the Sierra Club, which has requested that EIR's be prepared for
Projects that have used the Districts GAMAQI model. Under threat of litigation and the
delay it causes, developers are, settling for payment of a fee rather than allowing the
courts to decide if the applicatioq, of the Districts mitigation program complies with
CEQA.
A project EIR would not be as voluminous as the general plan EIR but has the same
noticing, hearing and rev~[ew requirements. The process could be as short as six months
or as long as one year. This option would require an EIR for all project approvals,
providing a stronger CEQA record should a case be challenged and set for trial.
2. Mitiqation Proiect Emissions to Zero
The District emissions threshold for development projects is 10 tons/year for both project
and cumulative emissibns. We currently require projects to mitigation to or below the
threshold. However the Sierra Club argues that impacts are still significant and an EIR
should be prepared. Requiring mitigation that off Sets all project emissions results in no
impact and a mitigated negative declaration can be approved. Theoretically, there can
be no requirement for an EIR due to air quality impacts if there are no impacts.
Under this option, air quality analysis using the District's model would be required.
Project non-attainment erhlssions would have to be fully mitigated. With full mitigation
there would be no impa~t¢
3. Supplemer~te[/Subsequent EIR's
An EIR is a detailed information document which analyzes significant effects, identifies
mitigation measures~and reasonable alternatives. Regardless of the type of EIR, they all
serve the same purpose as previously stated. What varies is the action requiring
environmental review and the decisions associated with that action. The action could be
a program, plan, or project requiring approval with environmental review of the action
based on what is known and ripe for discussion.
A supplemental/subsequent EIR comes after completion and certification of a final EIR
for a program plan or project. The guidelines state that when an EIR has been certified
no subsequent EIR shall be prepared for that project unless certain conditions are met.
One of the conditions is that "mitigation measures or alternatives which are considerately
different from those analyzed in the previous EIR would substantially reduce one or
more significant effects on the environment...' The intent is to provide a mechanism for
addressing new information without having to prepare another complete EIR for the
same action.
Jack Hardisty
January 29, 2004
Page 3
The general plan EIR found that air quality impacts would be significant and unavoidable
because of the Valleys none attainment status. Subsequent to the certification of the
general plan EIR staff began requiring air quality studies and mitigation consistent with
the Districts threshold of significance. All projects are required to mitigate their
emissions to or below the threshold of 10 tons/year. However, the Sierra Club is
challenging the studies and requesting EIR's for all the projects. Based on this new
information obtained from using the Districts air quality model, it may now be possible to
find that with mitigation build out of the general plan can be accomplished without having
a significant unavoidable air quality impact.
A supplemental/subsequent EIR would be given the same notice and public review as
the primary document. The benefit of this option is the EIR would be applicable to all
future projects and remove the need for individual project level EIR's to address air
quality impacts. '
TheSe recommendations can strengthen our environmental review process and allow
the City to regain control of the application of mitigation through the implementation of CEQA.
Challenges to our environmental review process may continue despite these changes.
However, our actions will be supported with an EIR enhancing the defensibility of our project
approval actions.
SCG:djl
CC: Virginia Gennaro, City Attorney
P:\Memos\Solutions to Sierra Club 1-29-04.doc
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BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
EIR'S
· Level of detail required for initial actions
· Level of detail required for future
subsequent projects
· Level of review required
-initial action
- subsequent projects
· Term of use for subsequent actions
TYPES OF EIR'S
Program EIR · Project EIR
- From broad general actions - Most common
to later specific actions - Focus on a specific
- More detailed examination development project
may occur for later projects - Focus on physical changes
- Subsequent project- to the environment caused
mitigated negative by the project
declaration or project EIR - Example- The Market
- Focus on issues ready for Place
evaluation and exclude
.those issues "not yet ripe"
- Example - General Plan
Update
2
TYPES OF EIR's
· Master EIR · Uses
- Alternative to a project or - General Plan
program EIR - Public or private projects in
- Evaluates broader policy a redevelopment plan
and specific project related - Phased projects
impacts - Rule or regulation
- Evaluates impacts of any implemented by a later
and all identified project
subsequent projects - Others in section 15175 of
- No subsequent CEQA Guidelines
environmental review
necessary for future
projects analyzed and
mitigated in the master EIR
- Five year useful life