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HomeMy WebLinkAbout04/28/1994 B A K E R S F I E L D Patricia M. Smith, Chair Patricia J. DeMond Lynn Edwards Staff: Trudy Slater AGENDA LEGISLATIVE AND LITIGATION COMMITTEE Thursday, April 28, 1994 11:30 a.m. City Manager's Conference Room Second Floor - City Hall 1501 Truxtun Avenue Bakersfield, CA 1. ROLL CALL 2. APPROVAL OF APRIL 7, 1994 MINUTES 3. PRESENTATIONS 4. PUBLIC STATEMENTS 5. DEFERRED BUSINESS A. CITY OF PASADENA REQUEST FOR SUPPORT OF RESOLUTION #7045 ERADICATING RAMPANT VIOLENCE. NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES RESOLUTION ON STOPPING CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN OUR CITIES AND TOWNS B. ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED ASSEMBLY BILL AB 2667 (MCDONALD), VEHICLES: FORFEITURES 6. NEW BUSINESS A. CITY OF MODESTO REQUEST FOR SUPPORT TO AMEND STATE LAW TO ALLOW CITIES TO IMPOSE FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON THE PERPETRATOR AND THE PARENTS OF MINOR CHILDREN WHO COMMIT ACTS OF GRAFFITI VANDALISM B. PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION REGARDING MARZOLF VS. PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC 7. ADJOURNMENT TS:jp FILE COPY NOTICE OF SPECIAL MEETING OF THE LEGISLATIVE AND LITIGATION COMMITTEE OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF BAKERSFIELD NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the Legislative and Litigation Committee of the City Council will hold a Special Meeting for the purpose of a Committee Meeting on Thursday, April 28, 1994, at 11:30 a.m., in the City Manager's Conference Room on the second floor of City Hall, 1501 Truxtun Avenue, Bakersfield, California, to consider: 1. ROLL CALL 2. APPROVAL OF APRIL 7, 1994 MINUTES 3. PRESENTATIONS 4. PUBLIC STATEMENTS 5. DEFERRED BUSINESS A. CITY OF PASADENA REQUEST FOR SUPPORT OF RESOLUTION #7045. ERADICATING RAMPANT VIOLENCE - NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES RESOLUTION ON STOPPING CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN OUR CITIES AND TOWNS B. ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED ASSEMBLY BILL AB 2667 (MCDONALD), VEHICLES: FORFEITURES 6. NEW BUSINESS A. CITY OF MODESTO REQUEST FOR SUPPORT TO AMEND STATE LAW TO ALLOW CITIES TO IMPOSE FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON THE PERPETRATOR AND THE PARENTS OF MINOR CHILDREN WHO COMMIT ACTS OF GRAFFITI VANDALISM B. PROCEEDINGS BEFORETHE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION REGARDING MARZOLF VS. PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC 7. ADJOURNMENT Trudy Slater:, A~inistrative/[,nalyst BAKERSFIELD Staff: ,, Patricia J. DeMond Lynn Edwards AGENDA SUMMARY REPORT LEGISLATIVE AND LITIGATION COMMITTEE Thursday, April 7, 1994 12:15 p.m. City Manager's Conference Room 1. ROLL CALL Members present: Councilmember Patricia M. Smith, Chair; Councilmember Patricia J. DeMond; and Councilmember Lynn Edwards 2. APPROVAL OF MINUTES OF FEBRUARY 3, 1994 Minutes were approved as submitted. 3. PRESENTATIONS None 4. PUBLIC STATEMENTS None Agenda Summary Report Legislative and Litigation Committee April 7, 1994 Page -2- 5. DEFERRED BUSINESS 1. AN ORDINANCE ADDING CHAFFER 9.13 OF THE BAKERSFIELD MUNICIPAL CODE RELATING TO LOITERING FOR THE PURPOSE OF ENGAGING IN A PROSTITUTION OFFENSE Discussion ensued on the issue, and Deputy City Attorney Michael Allford reported that the State Attorney General had been asked to issue an opinion as to the legality of local municipalities legislating in the area of prostitution related offenses due to State intention to occupy that field. It was indicated that a response from the Attorney General could be received within three to four months. The Committee deferred action on this item until such time as the Attorney General's opinion is received by the City. 2. AN ORDINANCE ADDING CHAPTER 9.19 OF THE BAKERSFIELD MUNICIPAL CODE RELATING TO LOITERING FOR PURPOSES OF DRUG-RELATED ACTMTIES. Discussion ensued on the issues of loitering for the purposes of drug-related activities, and no concerns similar to those surrounding proposed Chapter 9.13 occurred. It was motioned, seconded and approved to send the March 17 version of Chapter 9.19 back to the Council for implementation. As there have been substantial changes in the document, it will require another first reading.' A committee report reflecting recommendations on both proposed Chapter 9.13. and 9.19 will be prepared for the meeting of April 20 as directed by Council. 6. NEW BUSINESS 1. CITY OF PASADENA REQUEST FOR SUPPORT OF RESOLUTION #7045 -ERADICATING RAMPANT VIOLENCE Members of the committee reviewed the resolution from the City of Pasadena as well as a proposed resolution from the National League of Cities. Staff were directed to redraft the League's more general version to find a better fit for the City of Bakersfield and report back at the next Committee meeting. Agenda Summary Report Legislative and Litigation Committee April 7, 1994 Page -3- 2. ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED ASSEMBLY BILL AB 2667 (McDONALD), VEHICLES: FORFEITURES As the law which allows for vehicles forfeitures is new, staff will gather information on the actual impacts the passage of such a bill in the City of Bakersfield would have upon the community. Staff will report back at the next meeting. 7. ADJOURNMENT The meeting adjourned at 1:10 p.m. Staff In Attendance: City Manager Alan Tandy, Acting City Attorney Judy Skousen, Police Chief Steve Brummer, Deputy City Attorney Michael Afford, Police Lieutenant Bill Horton, Administrative Analyst Trudy Slater 'I-l's.-jp BAKERSFIELD POLICE MEMORANDUM April 21, 1994 To: Council Legislative and Litigation Committee From: S.E. Brummer, Chief of Police~ Subject: Analysis of Proposed Assembly Bill AB 2667 - Vehicle Forfeitures Police department staff has researched the impact of impound and forfeiture of vehicles used in criminal acts of prostitution. The attached memorandum represents the findings of that research. BAKERSFIELD POLICE MEMORANDUM APRIL 11, 1994 TO: CHIEF S. BRUMMER FROM: LIEUTENANT B. HORTON, ADMINISTRATIVE VICE/NARCOTICS DETAIL SUBJECT: FORFEITURE OF VEHICLES USED IN PROSTITUTION (AB 2667) I have reviewed and researched AB 2667 (McDonald) Bill allowing specified cities to enact local ordinances to impound and forfeit vehicles that are used in the criminal act of prostitution. There are several concerns that I have with attempting to enforce this type of ordinance, if we were to enact one: 1. AB 2667 requires that there has to be a prior conviction for the specific section of PC 647(b). 2. It also is suggested that the defendant be advised not to use the vehicle again for the act of prostitution, given a prior warning. There are several exemptions to enforcement of this ordinance that would prevent the forfeiture of vehicles: 1. If the vehicle is owned by another person; 2. If the vehicle is community property; and 3. If the vehicle is the only vehicle that the defendant's family has available. These same problems are ones that we have had to deal with in the forfeiture of vehicles seized in narcotics cases. In these narcotics cases, we have found it is extremely difficult to accomplish. In an attempt to find out how effective the program has been in other areas, I contacted the followin.c, police departments: 1. Long Beach: Lt. Jones advised that even though his agency has been given the authority to enact a local ordinance, they have not. He states that the requirements imposed by AB 2667 are too restrictive and makes the ordinance ineffective. 2. Signal Hill: Sgt. Cravens and Det. M. Ruzzio both stated that their City has not passed a city ordinance at this time for the same reasons as stated by Lt. Jones from Long Beach. 3. San Diego: Lt. Kendall also stated that their agency is not enforcing AB 2667 because their City has not enacted a city ordinance. He cited the same reasons as Long Beach and Signal Hill. 4. I also contacted Oakland Police Department, but at this time I have not received a call back. It would appear that AB 2667 was well intended to assist law enforcement in its fight against prostitution; however, there are just too many restrictions on enforcement. It is not working in other areas and it doesn't appear that it would work in our community. BH:plp AB 2667 (McDonald) - Vehicles; Forfeitures In bill text, brackets have special meaning: [A> <Al contains added text, and .. [D> <D] contains deleted text. California 1993-94 Regular Session Amended AMENDED IN ASSEMBLY MARCH 14, 1994 ASSEMBLY BILL No. 2667 Introduced by Assembly Member McDonald February 3, 1994 An act to amend Section 22659.5 of the Vehicle Code, relating to vehicles IA> , and declaring the urgency thereof, to take effect immediately <A]. LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST AB 2667, as amended, McDonald. Vehicles: forfeitures. Existing law authorizes, until January 1, 1999, the County of San Diego, any city in that county, and the City of Oakland to adopt an ordinance establishing a 5-year pilot program implementing procedures for declaring any motor vehicle a public nuisance when used in the commission of an act of prostitution, as specified, and there is a conviction of the underlying offense, except in specified circumstances. This bill would additionally allow the City of Long Beach [A> and the City of Signal Hill <A] to establish a 5,year pilot program implementing the described procedures and IA> would <A] make a related change. IA> This bill would declare that it is to take effect immediately as an urgency statute. <A] Vote: [D> majority <D] [A> 2/3 <A] . Appropriation: no. Fiscal AB 2667 (McDonald) - Vehicles; Forfeitures Page 2 (CitYlink, 3-30-94) committee: no. State-mandated local program: no. The people of the State of California do enact as follows: SECTION 1. Section 22659.5 of the Vehicle Code is amended to read: 22659.5. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the County of San Diego, any city in that county, the City of Oakland, [A> the City of Signal Hill, <Al and the City of Long Beach may adopt an ordinance establishing a five-year pilot program which implements procedures for declaring any motor vehicle a public nuisance when the vehicle is used in the commission of an act in violation of subdivision (b) of Section 647 of the Penal Code, and there is a conviction of the underlying offense. (b) The ordinance may also include procedures to enjoin and abate the declared nuisance by ordering the defendant not to use the vehicle again for purposes of violating subdivision (b) of Section 647 of the Penal Code and authorizing the temporary impoundment of the vehicle that the court has declared a nuisance if the defendant violates the order within one year of the court's declaration that the vehicle is a nuisance. (c) The only action that may be taken to enjoin and abate the declared nuisance are those actions specified in subdivision (b). (d) Any procedures implemented pursuant to this section shall ensure that no vehicle shall be declared a nuisance in either of the following circumstances: (1) The vehicle is stolen, unless the identity of the legal and registered owners of the vehicle cannot reasonably be ascertained. (2) The vehicle is owned by another, or there is a community property interest in the vehicle owned by a person other than the defendant and the vehicle is the only one available to the defendant's immediate family that may be operated on the highway with a class 3 or class 4 ddver's license. (e) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, ID> 2000 <D] IA> 1999 <A] , and as of that date is repealed, unless a .later enacted statute, which is enacted before January 1, ID> 2000 <DJ . AB 2667 (McDonald) - Vehicles; Forfeitures Page 3 (Citylink, 3-30-94) IA> 1999 <A], deletes or extends that date. IA> SEC. 2. This act is an urgency statute necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, or safety within the meaning of Article IV of the ConstitutiOn and shall go into immediate effect. The facts constituting the necessity are: <A] IA> In order to authorize the City of Long Beach and the City of Signal Hill to participate in the pilot program authorized by specified provisions of the Vehicle Code at the earliest possible time, it is necessary that this act take effect immediately. <Al END OF REPORT AB 2667 (McDonald) - Vehicles; Forfeitures Page 4 (Citylink, 3-30-94) ASSEMBLY THIRD READING AB 2667 (McDonald) As Amended: March 14, 1994. ASSEMBLY ACTIONS: COMMITTEE PUB. S. VOTE 8-0 COMMITTEE VOTE DIGEST Urgency statute. 2/3 vote required. Under current law a five-year pilot project authorizes local governments in San Diego County and the City of Oakland, to pass ordinances to allow for the impoundment of a vehicle after the vehicle has been declared a nuisance for having been used to commit or solicit an act of prostitution, and the defendant has violated a nuisance abatement order by again using the Car to commit such a violation. This bill adds the Cities of Long Beach and Signal Hill to the group of local governments authorized to impound vehicles used to commit prostitution, as specified above. FISCAL EFFECT Unknown COMMENTS According to the author, the City of Long Beach has requested inclusion in a .pilot program established during the 1993 legislative year. The program authoriZes any of certain, specified counties and cities to pass an ordinance allowing any vehicle used in the commission of an act of prostitution to be declared a public nuisance. Existing law was intended to create a five-year.pilot program. It will be automatically repealed after five years, in 1999; unless re-enacted by the legislature. As introduced, this bill extended the automatic repeal date by one year, to 2000. Presumably, this was to give Long Beach and Signal Hill the benefit of a full five years. In lieu of extending the sunset date, this bill now adds an urgency clause, which would allow Long Beach and Signal Hill to participate in the program during the pendency of its first year. Paul M. Gerowitz. 445-3268 END OF REPORT ~ FRO~ MODESTO CITV MGR 04.11.1994 04:16 P. 2 Mayor (209) 577-~221 ~,' ~lch~rd A. ~n8 . I*'~X: (20~) ~71.~!28 , Councilm~m~r~ ,. ~ Clly Hall David E. ~osdlll , , ~ 801 lilh 'Slr~l Kenni ~Jedmen , , . M~csto, CA Janlne M~lanah~n ~ ' ' TDD: (2~) 5269211 ~a.k T. U~tO~ ~ ""May City o...,,.,,o. , or and Council ~ ' , , lm0almd Only March 23,. 1994 , ., TO: " All May~rs of the State,of Cali ~ornta ~ FROM~ ' RiChard h~ Lan~ , Mayor' } ' CT.: SU~J~ "~raf.fltt..,Vandalism ' "" On ~arch '8~, 1994~ tho, ~ode~t~ C:~y Count.L1 adopted ~he enclosed '' resolution whfch 'we. f~eI t~ vital .and neceasa~ to address ,the , " exploding prbblem"of graffiti.. Our reaolut[on asks for ~he to amend the seats law allowing for c~tlea an~ Other public agenclos ~tO a~0pt ordinances LmpoSt~g'. financial responsibility on .both the perpetrator an~ ~th, pa~ente',of'mtnor ch~dre~ ~ho commit acts of graffiti Vandalism~ ' ' : ' ' ~ Up un%il now,. only. /the individual property'oWner who ~was vandallz'od by gho graffiti' could take steps 'and pursue roetltutt, on through the court. Oar propo,al:would allow ~or administrative process to be'e~tabit'S~ed, which wou~d provlde for 'cleanup eozta,~aa well an admin~stra~ve f~ne ,up ~o.($1,000 from the mfnor'and tho.mlnor'z p~rents. This .wOuld 'remove tho burden ' . of action from the:court:'s, whos* caseload ts now. currently' Overwhelming ' ~If" you~would like ~' supPort this change .In state law,. w~ would encourage ~you to.contact your. local orate Segator e~d mombsr ' ~. tho Aeaemb[y. ~e hope go have an ,introduced bill soon f°r 'this leg~slatLon, an'd hopefully some reltef~'~o this sor~oua '' 8hou~d'?You havo'.any questions, or would like moro ~nf°r~atlon/ pleaee cal~ the City ~aneger's Offlce,-at {209) 577-5223. ~. ~ R~chard A; Lang, , MaYor ' cc:.. City .council ' ~ League of California' Cities City Pride - Citywide ~ Prlnr~ on Re~.vcled ~per MODESTO CITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION NO. 94-149 A RESOLUTION URGING LOCAL LEGISLATORS TO SUPPORT AN AMENDMENT TO STATE LAW ALLOWING. CITIES AND OTHER PUBLIC AGENCIES TO ADOPT ORDINANCES IMPOSING FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON BOTH THE PERPETRATOR AND THE PARENTS OF MINOR CHILDREN WHO COMMIT ACTS OF GRAFFITI VANDALISM. WHEREAS, the City Council desires to develop a new ordinance which would deal effectively with tho rampant graffit! problem and which would make parents of minors who commit acts of graffiti vandalism financially responsible for both restitution and a fine, and WHEREAS, it is possible that without a change in State · law, such an ordinance could be subject to challenge, and WHEREAS, graffiti victims do have recourse agains~ a minor offender and the minor's parents pursupnt to Civil Code Section 1714.1, as that section gives a victim the right to file a civil action in court to recover damages of up to $10,000, and WHEREAS, although victims do have recourse as stated above, the City Council prefers to adopt its suggested legislation as a preferable alternative because It provides an administratiye procedure that is outside the overburdened court system, a copy of the proposed legislation is attached hereto entitled "New Governmen~ Code ~53069.4", and WHEREAS, existing law permits cities to clean up graffiti with City funds, however, the City's proposed legislation would go further to allow the City to recover the PNUM MODESTO CITY MGR 04. 11. 1994 04:17 P. ~ e clean-up costs plus an administrative fine of up to $1,000 from the minor and the minor's parents tn an administrative proceeding, and WHEREAB, in most cases ~.f an.administrative proceeding is held~ no cou=t action would be requl~ed~ as the o~der would have the same effect as a money ~udgmen~ and could be collec[ed through a lien procedure on any real properly o~ned by [he parent or parents, ~OW, ?HEREFORE~ BE IT RESOLVED by the Council of the Cl[y o~ Nodesto that tt hereby urges local legisla[ors [o support an amendment to stale [a~ allo~ln~ ct[les and othe~ publ'tc a~encies [o adop[ o~dinances ~mposing financial ~esponsiblltt¥ both ~he perpetrator and ~s parents o~ mino= children ~ho commt[ acts of graffiti vandalism~ a copy of 8aid proposed legislation ts attached here[o en=i[le~ '°~e~ Government Code S53069,4". 03/1o/e4 FROM MODESTO CIT~? MGR 04,11.1994 04:17 P. 5 The foregoing resolution was introduced at e regular meeting of the Council of the City of Modeato held on the 8th day of March, 1994, by Counctlmember McClanahan, who moved its adoption, which motion being dul~ seconded b~ Councllmember Friedman, was upon roll call carried and the resolution adopted by th~ following vote: AYES: Councllmembers: Cogdlll, Dobbs, Friedman, McClana~an, Muratore, Mayor Long NOES: Counci lmembers: None ABSENT: Councilmembers: Patterson ATTEBT: OrlgJna~ NORRINE COYLE, City Clerk (SZAL) MiCHeL D, MZLZCH, City Attorney . FROM MODESTO CITY MGR 04.11.1994 84:18 P. G NEW GOVERNMENT CODE S5306~.4 A. "Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in Government Code Section 53069.3, or Civil Code Section 17~4.1, or Penal Code Sections 594(a)(1), 640.5(a), or 640.6, a city, county, or city and county, (hereinafter "local public entity") may provide by ordinance for payment of an administrative fine and for restitution by both the minor, and the parent or parents hawing custody and control of such minor, administratively found to have created or caused graffiti as that term is defined in Government Code Section 53069.3. Such fines may include or separately state all costs reasonably incurred by the local public entity in removing, cleaning up or covering over the minor's graffiti. The administrative proceeding may be held upon ten (10) days notice as provided in subdivision (c) to such minor and/or parent as the case may be, .providing an opportunity to be heard before the legislative body of such entity or hearing officer appointed by it. B. Any fine or restitution ordered pursuant to this section shall be irrespective of and cumulative to any criminal conviction for an act of graffit~, or any final adjudication by a Juvenile court, or placement on ~ a supervised program by a probation officer under the provisions of the Welfare and Institutions Code for such act. Provided further, that i.n no event may the combined sum of restttut].on and any fine ordered to be paid pursuant to an ordinance passed in accordance with this section exceed the amount of the a6tual costs as determined by the local public entity to remove, cover or repair the graffiti by more than $1,000.00. Any administrative order made pursuant to an ordinance adopted pursuant to this section shall have the same force and effect for enforcement and collection purposes as an order or Judgment of the Superior Court of the State of California. )n addition, the ordinance may provide for the co]]ectlon of such sum by the creation of a lien on any parcel of property owned by the minor or the parents or parent having custody and control of the minor as set forth in subdivision (c). C. An ordinance creating the lien'authorized by subdivision (b) shall r~qu~re at least ten (10) days notice prior to the recordation of the lien to the owner of record of the parcel of land. The notice shall be served in the sam~ manner as susans in civil action in accordance with Article 3 (commencing with section 415.10) of Chapter 4 of T~tle V of Part 2 ~ of the Code of Ct. vtl Procedure. If the owner of FROM MODESTO CITY MCR 04. 11. 1994 04:19 p. record, after a diligent ~earch cannot be found, the notice may be served by posting a copy thereof in a conspicuous place upon the property for a period of ten (10) days and publication thereof in a newspaper of general circulation published in the county in which the property is located pursuant to Section 6062. (1) A lien authorized by this section shall be recorded in the county recorder'e off,ce ~n the county in which the parcel of land is located and from the date of recording shall have the force, effect, and priority of a Judgment lien. The lien author/zed by this section shall specify the amount of the lien, the name of the agency on whose behalf the lien is imposed, the date of the administrative order referred to in subdivision (b), the street address, legal description and assessor's parcel no. of the parcel on which the lien is imposed, and the name and address of the recorded owner of the parcel. (2) In the event that the lien is discharged, released, or satisfied, either through payment or through foreclosure, notice of the discharge containing the information specified in subdivision (c) shall be recorded by the governmental agency. The lien authorized by this section and the release of the lien sheik be indexed in the grantor-grantee index. (3) The lien authorized by this section may be collsc%ed in the manner provided by Sections 39581 and 39583 of the Government Code. MEMORANDUM March 31, 1994 TO: HONORABLE MAYOR AND COUNCILMEMBERS FROM: JUDY K. SKOUSEN, ACTING CITY ATTORNEY Pursuant to prior directive of the City Council~ the City Attorney's Office has assisted the complainants in their challenge to the decision of Pacific Gas & Electric Company to locate the 115 KV transmission lines adjacent to and behind the southwest Bakersfield community of Campus Park. As the Council may recall, PG&E asserts that the internal policies and orders of the Public Utilities Commission exempt them in this case from compliance with the safeguards afforded to the community under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Specifically, PG&E contends that PUC General Order 131-C exempts all transmission lines which are not in excess of 200 KV from compliance with CEQA. This exemption, if upheld, would affect all areas of the City as any transmission line under 200 KY, regardless of its location, would be considered exempt from compliance with CEQA. The assistance rendered from this office was previously authorized up to and including the hearing before the Administrative Law Judge in May 1993 to rule on the issues of siting (the City of Bakersfield Planning Department participated in the selection of the route ultimately selected, although had no authority to prohibit or veto the suggested routes), CEQA compliance, land use mitigation measures, soil liquefaction concerns, vehicle and train accidents in the vicinity of the power lines, adverse effects on property values an~ the harmful effects of electro-magnetic fields (EMF's). Assistance rendered from this office included research, preparation of exhibits and testimony, and counsel as to procedural issues and strategy. The Administrative Law Judge ruling was adverse to the complainants, and an appeal was taken from the denial of their complaint. In 'January 1994, the denial of the complaint by the ALJ was affirmed by the Public Utilities C~,u~ission of the State' of California. The complainants have undertaken a request for reconsideration of the Public Utilities Commission ruling, and anticipate proceeding with a writ of mandate and/or writ of certiorari in the event the Public Utilities Commission fails to' reverse their earlier decision. THIS MEMORANDUM IS EXEMPT FR~DIS~ANDISI~OTHCTED BY THEATTOltNEY-CLIENTAKDA~WC~tK-~PRIVI~'~. Memorandum to Honorable Mayor and Councilmembers Re: Marzolf vs. PG&E March 31, 1994 Page 2 This report is intended not only as an update as to the status of this litigation, but also as a request for further directive from the Council as to whether the City Attorney's Office may continue to assist the complainants in this endeavor. JKS:MGA:~